It boots for RPi4 from USB device, so I assumed it would also for the RPi3B+. However, I have not had any luck so far. Is there some extra step needed, or do I fundamentally need to boot from SD card and mount the file system separately? (I'm surprised how little comes up when googling this.)
I tried booting a third time, this time from a different USB slot, and it worked! RPi3B+ Ubuntu does boot from USB out of the box.
Edit: I am finding that all three RPi3B+ units in my cluster are consistently failing to find my USB SSD device if inserted in the two USB slots not right next to the ethernet socket.