After a recent system update, some USB devices are not recognised

For the past few weeks I've been editing an Arduino device over USB. I performed a regular system update recently, and now the USB device is no longer recognised.

It's unclear to me what is at issue, since my other USB devices continue to be recognised. I have a USB external drive that is doing fine. A USB keyboard operates as usual, and a USB mouse.

But the Arduino isn't recognised. When I plug the Arduino in, regardless of which USB port I use, I get this in dmesg:

[  181.628764] usb 1-10.2: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[  181.816753] usb 1-10.2: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[  182.004728] usb 1-10.2: new full-speed USB device number 14 using xhci_hcd
[  182.084746] usb 1-10.2: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[  182.272745] usb 1-10.2: device descriptor read/64, error -32
[  182.380771] usb 1-10-port2: attempt power cycle
[  182.992684] usb 1-10.2: new full-speed USB device number 15 using xhci_hcd
[  182.992752] usb 1-10.2: Device not responding to setup address.
[  183.200753] usb 1-10.2: Device not responding to setup address.
[  183.408685] usb 1-10.2: device not accepting address 15, error -71
[  183.488682] usb 1-10.2: new full-speed USB device number 16 using xhci_hcd
[  183.488751] usb 1-10.2: Device not responding to setup address.
[  183.696738] usb 1-10.2: Device not responding to setup address.
[  183.904671] usb 1-10.2: device not accepting address 16, error -71
[  183.904753] usb 1-10-port2: unable to enumerate USB device

So it's clear the computer knows the USB device is there, it's just having trouble assigning the USB device an address.

As you might expect, the device does not appear in lsusb.

You may ask, perhaps it's the Arduino circuit. But I have tried several other Arduino devices that were working before today, and none of them are recognised over USB.

You mas ask, perhaps its the USB cable, or perhaps the USB port I'm using. But if I connect a USB keyboard to this cable and port, the keyboard works.

Similarly, my tablet that's running the same version of Ubuntu (20.04) and is also up to date, is having the same problem.

Ideas?