I'm a little surprised that my fresh install of Ubuntu 21.10 can't play .mp4 files. This seems like a rather basic ability. Anyway, after getting very unhelpful errors in VLC, I installed the default GNOME player, totem, which gave me a more helpful error message: The necessary MPEG-4 AAV codec(s) is missing. But I fail to find any helpful info on where to get this. Not even here on askubuntu. What's going on?
When installing Ubuntu, users have the possibility of installing additional third-party drivers, codecs, firmware and other extras:
Codecs can be installed a posteriori if this option isn't selected during the Ubuntu installation.