In the past we had tools like clipper, FoxPlus or the ancient dBaseIII+/dBaseIV to create multi input forms in which we were able to put things almost anywhere in the reduced available space (25 lines x 80 cols).
Source: https://psychocod3r.wordpress.com/2020/07/21/exploring-borland-dbase-iv-for-dos/
I have, in example, seen the old systems at AutoZone stores where you get a form drawn on the screen, and the user can navigate through the fields before running an action.
Source: https://fr.yelp.ca/biz/autozone-auto-parts-hialeah-5?page_src=related_bizes
Another example is:
Source: http://keyhut.com/pos.htm
¿Is it there a similar tool for bash?
I am aware of the dialog command, which provides customizable single-column multi input forms, but what I expect is the ability to tell where in the screen the labels and textboxes are going to appear.
The ncurses programming library is what you are looking for. This is the library, dating back to 1993, that allows you to create text-based user interfaces that should run on any posix terminal.