I change the partion of the system with Geparted in the liveusb, ignoring some warning. Then reboot, 'grub>' appears but I can not find the boot or grub folder anymore. Afterward, I reinstall ubuntu and I pay a high price. Then I want to learn a better way rather than reinstall when one comes into this case.
One option you could try would be to use a liveCD to restore your /boot directory, however this probably isn't the best idea.
Realistically, I'd save any important files from the disk and reinstall - the /boot folder contains various kernel versions and other important stuff, and if you incorrectly 'repair' it, you could cause even more issues.
In case you had not written anything on your hard drive you may be able to recover overwritten partitions using testdisk :
Please follow the concise step by step guide from the makers of TestDisk to do so.
What do you do if you break/lose/delete Grub? Reinstall it! You'll need a LiveCD and the willingness to read some instructions.
There are many alternatives but BootRepair works well and is fairly simple and when that's not enough the chroot method will let you do anything else (and is a very handy technique to know about for future issues).