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lazarus
Asked: 2014-08-29 08:21:20 +0800 CST

What does 'ls -la' do?

  • 772

When I entered the -al attribute with the ls command, I got the following:

anupam@JAZZ:~/blog$ ls -al
total 76
drwxrwxr-x 13 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 21:45 .
drwxr-xr-x 34 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 20:52 ..
drwxrwxr-x  8 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 app
drwxr-xr-x  2 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 bin
drwxrwxr-x  5 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 config
-rw-rw-r--  1 anupam anupam  154 Aug 28 12:19 config.ru
drwxrwxr-x  3 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:37 db
-rw-rw-r--  1 anupam anupam 1339 Aug 28 12:19 Gemfile
-rw-rw-r--  1 anupam anupam 2871 Aug 28 12:19 Gemfile.lock
drwxrwxr-x  7 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 21:45 .git
-rw-rw-r--  1 anupam anupam  466 Aug 28 12:19 .gitignore
drwxrwxr-x  4 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 lib
drwxrwxr-x  2 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:29 log
drwxrwxr-x  2 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 public
-rw-rw-r--  1 anupam anupam  249 Aug 28 12:19 Rakefile
-rw-rw-r--  1 anupam anupam  478 Aug 28 12:19 README.rdoc
drwxrwxr-x  8 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 test
drwxrwxr-x  6 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:33 tmp
drwxrwxr-x  3 anupam anupam 4096 Aug 28 12:19 vendor

What does each column mean, and what does the total 76 signify here?

command-line

2 Answers

  1. Best Answer

    The ls -al command is a combination of ls -l (use a long listing format) and ls -a (do not ignore entries starting with .)

    The result is a long list (the ls -l part) with (from left to right):

    • filetype
    • file permissions
    • number of links
    • owner name
    • owner group
    • file size
    • time of last modification
    • the name of the file or directory

    while the ls -a means that hidden files are listed as well.

    see also man ls (as always man is the first source of information), and this link.

    A little more explanation on what you see

    The output starts with the number of disc blocks, used by the directory (in your case 76). From the GNU docs:

    For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line ‘total blocks’, where blocks is the total disk allocation for all files in that directory. The block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden.

    Then:

    • the first character describes wether it is a directory (d) or a file (-) (or some other file type, see the docs for a complete listing)

    File permissions:

    • the permissions in a nine-character section (3x3 for owner / group / other users)

    Links

    • The number of links is the number of hard links to the file. For a directory, the number of hard links is the number of (immediate) subdirectories plus the parent directory and itself.

    Owner

    • name of the owner
    • name of the (owner) group

    File size

    • You see many files with the size of 4096, which is the minimum size for a directory on ext3 and ext4.
    • 30

  2. ls - list directory contents

    You have 76 directories in /home/blog

    drwxrwxr-x - These are the permissions for each one

    The number after the permissions is the number of file/folders/links in this folder

    After that the current user

    After that the folders owner

    Next is the group ID for the group the file belongs too.

    Next is date and time the file was modified

    The far right entery is the name of the folder

    You can append ls with other commands for example 

    ls -a

    Displays hidden files (starting with .)

    You can find all the commands here

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