I have a client with a website that requires PHP 7.4 to run some custom code. In order to test fixes, I need create a local VM that can run 7.4, but this version is no longer available for installation—as far as I’ve been able to determine. My hope is to be able to find an image with 7.4 pre-installed that I can run under either VirtualBox or VMWare Fusion. Does anyone have a suggestion?
My general questions is how to make sure an Ubuntu 24.04 system only uses the highest-priority network interface (where I set the priority myself)? Preferably in an user-friendly and "official" way?
To make it more clear what I mean, this is my specific usecase: I run Ubuntu 24.04, very much stock using the default Gnome desktop environment and Network Manager in charge of networks, on an old HP laptop which only has a 2.4 GHz Wifi module. It has a wired Ethernet port, and I also have a 5 GHz Wifi USB dongle. What I want is this:
- If the wired ethernet port is connected, only use that and don't bother about any Wifi ports whatsoever.
- If the USB dongle is attached, use that one to connect to a 5 GHz Wifi AP (obviously with pre-stored credentials)
- In other cases, use the internal 2.4 GHz Wifi module to attach to a 2.4 GHz Wifi AP
Also, I'd like a "user-friendly" way of fixing this so that non-technical members of the household can just plug in the USB dongle if they want better coverage.
What happens, is that both Wifi adapters get assigned a valid IPv4 address, both end up in the routing table.
To be clear, both internal Wifi and the USB Wifi dongle work, but the problem is that both connect at the same time to two different SSIDs on the same IPv4 subnet, and the 2.4 GHz link is very unstable (due to too many neighbors with 2.4 GHz Wifi APs whose signals reach into my home).
I have tried or considered these things:
- Disabling the internal Wifi module using the settings dialogs. This ended up disabling both the internal module and the USB Wifi dongle. Doesn't work.
- Using
rfkillto disable the internal module - But this also has the effect of disabling the USB Wifi dongle, even when only blocking the internal 2.4 GHz module. I suppose it is NetworkManager that interprets any blocked Wifi device to block all of them. Doesn't work. - Deleting the routes that involve the 2.4 GHz Wifi module, using
ip route del. This works, in the sense that the connections to the Wifi APs remain, but no traffic is routed over the 2.4 GHz link. This works, sort of, but the routes get re-added if the laptop switches to another AP, so not a stable long-term solution. - Using
ip link set dev DEVICE downon the 2.4 GHz Wifi interface, when a 5 GHz device is detected. This is almost the same solution as deleting the routing entries above, have not tested this but this should work unless Network Manager re-ups them. - Blacklisting the driver for internal module. Will not be a workable solution, since it's not acceptable to reboot every time the USB Wifi dongle is attached/removed.
- Deleting all 2.4 GHz AP credentials. Not acceptable, since I want the laptop to be "seamlessly" usable even if the USB Wifi dongle is removed.
Is there a completely different method I'm missing? If not, I guess a script that monitors the state of the various adapters is needed, that uses ip route/ip link commands to disable the lower-prio interfaces whenever higher-prio interfaces are detected.
I realize this precludes having different network adapters connected to different networks, but if I ever have that specific usecase, I'll sort it out then.
The ptex-jtex DEB package containing the multicol.sty LaTeX package has been removed from the multiverse : ptex-jtex.
EDIT0: I had already installed the texlive-latex-extra or texlive-latex-base packages.
Here is what I have and did :
$ dpkg -l | grep texlive-
ii texlive-base 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: Essential programs and files
ii texlive-binaries 2023.20230311.66589-9build3 amd64 Binaries for TeX Live
ii texlive-fonts-recommended 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: Recommended fonts
ii texlive-latex-base 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: LaTeX fundamental packages
ii texlive-latex-extra 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: LaTeX additional packages
ii texlive-latex-recommended 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: LaTeX recommended packages
ii texlive-pictures 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: Graphics, pictures, diagrams
ii texlive-plain-generic 2023.20240207-1 all TeX Live: Plain (La)TeX packages
$
$ tlmgr init-usertree
$ tlmgr update --list
(running on Debian, switching to user mode!)
(see /usr/share/doc/texlive-base/README.tlmgr-on-Debian.md)
tlmgr: Local TeX Live (2023) is older than remote repository (2024).
Cross release updates are only supported with
update-tlmgr-latest(.sh/.exe) --update
See https://tug.org/texlive/upgrade.html for details.
$ tlmgr info multicol
(running on Debian, switching to user mode!)
(see /usr/share/doc/texlive-base/README.tlmgr-on-Debian.md)
tlmgr: Local TeX Live (2023) is older than remote repository (2024).
Cross release updates are only supported with
update-tlmgr-latest(.sh/.exe) --update
See https://tug.org/texlive/upgrade.html for details.
$
How can I install a specific version of multicol.sty LaTeX package without updating/breaking the others LaTeX packages already installed from texlive-latex-* DEB packages ?
My computer is a HP Pavillion g4 notebook PC I made some modifications like installing an 120GB SSD drive and replacing the CD drive by a 120GB HDD drive and expanding the RAM from 4GB to 8GB.
When I installed Ubuntu I usually used the "erase disk and install Ubuntu" option and always worked for me until the past month when I tried to boot my PC and it showed a error and when I went back to grub the boot menu was glitched so I thought it needed a reinstall, but when I installed Ubuntu vía "Erase disk and install Ubuntu" after I rebooted it said unable to read and write outside of hd0 and error: you need to load the kernel first.
I tried some solutions show here: What to do when I get an "attempt to read or write outside of disk 'hd0'" error and Boot Repair does not solve the problem? Including Boot-Repair.
The first one:
grub rescue > ls
(hd0) (hd0, msdos9)
grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos9)/
grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos8)/
grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos5)/ # suppose this is root and bootloader of Linux
grub rescue > ls (hd0,msdos5)/
grub rescue > set root=(hd0,msdos5)
grub rescue > set prefix=(hd0,msdos5)/boot/grub
grub rescue > insmod normal
grub rescue > normal
My partitions were different, but I managed to locate them using the ls command.
Additions 19/11/2024: The partitions were GPT, so it may support UEFI I think, but I'm still unable to boot.
Another solution I tried that partially worked is creating a 1024MB ext4 partition located on /boot which works but...
- The boot time is too long seriously I can turn the PC, make the breakfast, watch some videos, and its still booting with a black screen it delays too much to show the Ubuntu plymouth screen, sometimes this ends in a timeout or kernel panic.
- Break some tools like haxeflixel (I think) before this issue I didn't have problems with that took but when I boot using the
/bootpartition. It works, but with a lot of errors, one of them being "segmentation fault".
It also happen when I install other Ubuntu-based distros like Linux Mint or Elementary OS, I always install Ubuntu on the SSD, my PC does not support GPT so I have to use mbr. I made the boot drive from Windows using Rufus.
Edit 19/11/2024: I managed to get a pastebin when I tried https://paste.ubuntu.com/p/hw3vFSmpKs/
============================= Boot Repair Summary ==============================
Recommended repair: ____________________________________________________________
The default repair of the Boot-Repair utility will purge (in order to reset grubenv) and reinstall the grub2 of
sda2 into the MBR of sda.
Grub-efi will not be selected by default because no ESP detected.
Additional repair will be performed: unhide-bootmenu-10s
chroot /mnt/boot-sav/sda2 apt-get -y update
Running in chroot, ignoring command 'start'
Purge the GRUB of /dev/sda2
grub-pc available
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 210 not upgraded.
DEBCHECK debOK, grub-pc
DEBCHECK debOK
Please type: sudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" dpkg --configure -ansudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get install -fynsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub-com*nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub2-com*nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y shim-signednsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub-common:*nsudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get purge --allow-remove-essential -y grub2-common:*n
Then type: sudo chroot "/mnt/boot-sav/sda2" apt-get install -y grub-pc
Unhide GRUB boot menu in sda2/etc/default/grub
====================== Reinstall the grub-pc of /dev/sda2 ======================
chroot /mnt/boot-sav/sda2 grub-install --version
grub-install (GRUB) 2.12-1ubuntu7
==> Reinstall the GRUB of /dev/sda2 into the MBR of /dev/sda
chroot /mnt/boot-sav/sda2 grub-install /dev/sda
Installing for i386-pc platform.
Installation finished. No error reported.
chroot /mnt/boot-sav/sda2 update-grub
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-41-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-6.8.0-41-generic
Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ...
Unhide GRUB boot menu in sda2/boot/grub/grub.cfg
Boot successfully repaired.
You can now reboot your computer.
Please do not forget to make your BIOS boot on sda (ATA HP SSD S600 120G) disk!
The boot files of [sda2 (end>100GB)] are far from the start of the disk. Your BIOS may not detect them. You may want to retry after creating a /boot partition (EXT4, >200MB, start of the disk). This can be performed via tools such as gParted. Then select this partition via the [Separate /boot partition:] option of [Boot Repair]. (https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BootPartition)
```none
============================ Boot Info After Repair ============================
=> Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 2048
of the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and
looks for (,gpt2)/boot/grub. It also embeds following components:
modules
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
fshelp ext2 part_gpt biosdisk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
=> Grub2 (v1.99-2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb and looks at sector
58715260 of the same hard drive for core.img, but core.img can not be
found at this location.
=> Grub2 (v2.00) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdc and looks at sector 1 of
the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks
for (hd0,msdos1)/boot/grub. It also embeds following components:
modules
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
biosdisk part_msdos fshelp fat ntfs exfat
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
sda1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: BIOS Boot partition
Boot sector type: Grub2's core.img
Boot sector info:
sda2: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: ext4
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
Operating System: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /etc/default/grub
/boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img
sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system:
Boot sector type: -
Boot sector info:
sdc1: __________________________________________________________________________
File system: vfat
Boot sector type: MSWIN4.1: FAT32
Boot sector info: No errors found in the Boot Parameter Block.
Operating System:
Boot files: /boot/grub/grub.cfg /efi/boot/bootx64.efi
/efi/boot/grubx64.efi /efi/boot/mmx64.efi
================================ 1 OS detected =================================
OS#1 (linux): Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS on sda2
================================ Host/Hardware =================================
CPU architecture: 64-bit
Video: 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller from Intel Corporation
Live-session OS is Ubuntu 64-bit (Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS, noble, x86_64)
===================================== UEFI =====================================
BIOS/UEFI firmware: F.66(15.102) from Insyde
This live-session is in Legacy/BIOS/CSM mode (not in EFI mode).
============================= Drive/Partition Info =============================
Disks info: ____________________________________________________________________
sda : is-GPT, hasBIOSboot, has-noESP, not-usb, not-mmc, has-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
sdb : is-GPT, no-BIOSboot, has-noESP, not-usb, not-mmc, no-os, no-wind, 2048 sectors * 512 bytes
Partitions info (1/3): _________________________________________________________
sda2 : is-os, 64, apt-get, grub-pc , grub2, grub-install, grubenv-ng, update-grub, end-after-100GB
sdb1 : no-os, 64, nopakmgr, no-docgrub, nogrub, nogrubinstall, no-grubenv, noupdategrub, end-after-100GB
Partitions info (2/3): _________________________________________________________
sda2 : isnotESP, fstab-without-efi, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot, ext4
sdb1 : isnotESP, part-has-no-fstab, no-nt, no-winload, no-recov-nor-hid, no-bmgr, notwinboot,
Partitions info (3/3): _________________________________________________________
sda2 : not--sepboot, with-boot, fstab-without-boot, not-sep-usr, with--usr, fstab-without-usr, std-grub.d, sda
sdb1 : maybesepboot, no---boot, part-has-no-fstab, not-sep-usr, no---usr, part-has-no-fstab, no--grub.d, sdb
fdisk -l (filtered): ___________________________________________________________
Disk sda: 111.79 GiB, 120034123776 bytes, 234441648 sectors
Disk identifier: 12D46356-934D-4D7E-9872-E4C77430651D
Start End Sectors Size Type
sda1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
sda2 4096 234438655 234434560 111.8G Linux filesystem
Disk sdb: 111.79 GiB, 120034123776 bytes, 234441648 sectors
Disk identifier: 4C9C1BF6-251D-4B61-86CC-7A7636193869
Start End Sectors Size Type
sdb1 2048 234438655 234436608 111.8G Linux filesystem
Disk sdc: 29.49 GiB, 31666995200 bytes, 61849600 sectors
Disk identifier: 0x0b08ce25
Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
sdc1 * 2048 61849599 61847552 29.5G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
parted -lm (filtered): _________________________________________________________
sda:120GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:ATA HP SSD S600 120G:;
1:1049kB:2097kB:1049kB:::bios_grub;
2:2097kB:120GB:120GB:ext4::;
sdb:120GB:scsi:512:512:gpt:ATA FUJITSU MHW2120B:;
1:1049kB:120GB:120GB:::;
sdc:31.7GB:scsi:512:512:msdos:Generic Flash Disk:;
1:1049kB:31.7GB:31.7GB:fat32::boot, lba;
blkid (filtered): ______________________________________________________________
NAME FSTYPE UUID PARTUUID LABEL PARTLABEL
sda
├─sda1 858dfb0d-3d56-4566-b7d6-9ed8594070b7
└─sda2 ext4 81808195-6491-4c20-8ed7-35ebee622523 09f3ace7-51d7-4f26-aed4-3cde10f0f282
sdb
└─sdb1 bfe953ef-47e9-4e41-a55f-545178bede4c
sdc
└─sdc1 vfat D221-7693 0b08ce25-01 UBUNTU 24_0
Mount points (filtered): _______________________________________________________
Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 93.9G 9% /mnt/boot-sav/sda2
/dev/sdc1 23.7G 20% /cdrom
Mount options (filtered): ______________________________________________________
/dev/sda2 ext4 rw,relatime
/dev/sdc1 vfat ro,noatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro
====================== sda2/boot/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================
Ubuntu 81808195-6491-4c20-8ed7-35ebee622523
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
UEFI Firmware Settings uefi-firmware
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
========================== sda2/etc/fstab (filtered) ===========================
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda2 during curtin installation
/dev/disk/by-uuid/81808195-6491-4c20-8ed7-35ebee622523 / ext4 defaults 0 1
/swap.img none swap sw 0 0
======================= sda2/etc/default/grub (filtered) =======================
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu
GRUB_TIMEOUT=10
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`( . /etc/os-release; echo ${NAME:-Ubuntu} ) 2>/dev/null || echo Ubuntu`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false
==================== sda2: Location of files loaded by Grub ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
?? = ?? boot/grub/grub.cfg 1
28.141605377 = 30.216818688 boot/grub/i386-pc/core.img 1
11.531497955 = 12.381851648 boot/vmlinuz 1
11.531497955 = 12.381851648 boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-41-generic 1
11.531497955 = 12.381851648 boot/vmlinuz.old 1
7.126949310 = 7.652503552 boot/initrd.img 2
7.126949310 = 7.652503552 boot/initrd.img-6.8.0-41-generic 2
7.126949310 = 7.652503552 boot/initrd.img.old 2
===================== sda2: ls -l /etc/grub.d/ (filtered) ======================
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18133 Apr 4 2024 10_linux
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 43202 Apr 4 2024 10_linux_zfs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14513 Apr 4 2024 20_linux_xen
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 786 Apr 4 2024 25_bli
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13120 Apr 4 2024 30_os-prober
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1174 Apr 4 2024 30_uefi-firmware
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Apr 4 2024 40_custom
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 215 Apr 4 2024 41_custom
====================== sdc1/boot/grub/grub.cfg (filtered) ======================
Try or Install Ubuntu
Ubuntu (safe graphics)
Boot from next volume
UEFI Firmware Settings
Test memory
==================== sdc1: Location of files loaded by Grub ====================
GiB - GB File Fragment(s)
?? = ?? boot/grub/grub.cfg
My specs are:
Intel core i5-2550M (4) 3.100GHz 2nd generation
8gb of ram
120gb SSD and 120gb HDD
I'm trying to install Ubuntu with gnome
Last night, I was configuring some fonts for use with polybar.
I ran the command
fc-cache -fv
It was taking a while so had it on in the background while working on something else.
Came back and my laptop had run dead. Rebooted it, and now I can hear my harddrive working hard, and a program "gjs" keeps continually opening and closing. No apps can be run, and on attempt to run them they mouse just has the circle next to it, or I cant maximize them.
Is there a way I can fix this without having to completely reinstall ubuntu?
Ubuntu version 24.04
Thanks :>
Edit: rebuilt font cache using no gui terminal and it works again