All Questions(ubuntu)

I am trying to boot Ubuntu on my computer. When I boot Ubuntu, it boots to a black screen. How can I fix this?

Table of Contents:

1. If you are trying to install Ubuntu
2. If you have a dual boot system
3. If an update or something else caused your problem

I was wondering why upgrade sometimes doesn't want to upgrade certain parts of the system, while dist-upgrade does. Here's an example after running apt-get upgrade:

apt-get upgrade:

rimmer@rimmer-Lenovo-IdeaPad-S10-2:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
  linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.

versus apt-get dist-upgrade:

rimmer@rimmer-Lenovo-IdeaPad-S10-2:~$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  linux-headers-3.0.0-13 linux-headers-3.0.0-13-generic
  linux-image-3.0.0-13-generic
The following packages will be upgraded:
  linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic
3 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 48.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 215 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]?

In other words, why can't this be performed by upgrade?

Say, I have foo-1.2.3.deb which depends on perl and python, however, running command:

dpkg -i ./foo-1.2.3.deb

won't install these dependencies. So I must apt-get install perl python by hand.

How to make dpkg -i install these dependencies for me automatically?

In Unity, are there any pre-defined shortcuts, e.g. to open the dash or unhide the launcher?

Otherwise, is there any alternative command line utility that can achieve this?