Questions[diagnostic](ubuntu)

I have no idea how to make HP run diagnostics without Windows, though I got these from HW probe. But don't know how to interpret results. I specifically am concerned about my battery, which dies without a warning, in almost 1/3 rd of the time promised and also doesnt charge above a certain point.

https://linux-hardware.org/index.php?probe=f69580fced

My laptop started randomly shutting down. For example, I'm skyping and then -boom- all of the sudden the screen goes black and it has shut down. Once I restart it, everything seems to work as normal. This has happened a few times now, but I can't spot any pattern. The laptop, at least externally, doesn't seem to overheat and it's a newer model, so I'm not sure what is going on.

Thus I would like to start a process that logs, say, every half a second, everything that there is to log regarding the laptop, meaning, temperature of the CPU, SSD, the memory consumption, all the running processes etc. You name it!
Are the any tools for this?
Thus, when it shuts down again, I hope to figure be able to figure out what happened by looking at the log and hopefully seeing a pattern immediately before the shut down. Thank you!

My computer has an issue that it randomly freezes. I've faced this issue for years across Ubuntu versions and Windows versions. I'm currently running 19.04. I've faced this issue with 16.04, Windows 10 and Windows 7. Is there a tool that I can use to diagnose the problem?

Phoronix output:

  PROCESSOR:          Intel Core i7 930 @ 2.79GHz
    Core Count:       4                     
    Thread Count:     8                     
    Extensions:       SSE 4.2               
    Cache Size:       8192 KB               
    Microcode:        0x1d                  
    Scaling Driver:   acpi-cpufreq ondemand 

  GRAPHICS:           Gigabyte NVIDIA GeForce GT 610 2GB
    Frequency:        810/666MHz       
    OpenGL:           4.6.0            
    Display Driver:   NVIDIA 390.116   
    Monitor:          SyncMaster       
    Screen:           1920x1080        

  MOTHERBOARD:        Gigabyte X58A-UD3R
    BIOS Version:     FA                           
    Chipset:          Intel 5520/5500/X58 + ICH10R 
    Audio:            Realtek ALC889               
    Network:          Realtek RTL8111/8168/8411    

  MEMORY:             6144MB

  DISK:               1000GB Western Digital WD10EZEX-08M + 2000GB Western Digital WD20EARX-00P
    File-System:      ext4                          
    Mount Options:    errors=remount-ro relatime rw 
    Disk Scheduler:   MQ-DEADLINE                   

  OPERATING SYSTEM:   Ubuntu 19.04
    Kernel:           5.0.0-13-generic (x86_64)                                                         
    Desktop:          GNOME Shell 3.32.0                                                                
    Display Server:   X Server 1.20.4                                                                   
    Compiler:         GCC 8.3.0                                                                         
    Security:         KPTI                                                                              
                      + __user pointer sanitization                                                     
                      + Full generic retpoline IBPB: conditional IBRS_FW STIBP: conditional RSB filling 
                      + SSB disabled via prctl and seccomp                                              
                      + PTE Inversion; VMX: conditional cache flushes SMT vulnerable                    


     CPU Temperature: 54.00 C   CPU Usage (Summary): 12.69 %  
     GPU Temperature: 49.00 C             GPU Usage: 3     %  
        Memory Usage: 2169  MB         System Uptime 26   

I am looking through the various *fdisk and *parted utilities along with a few others. I am searching for a utility (or collection of utilities) that will list the size, in bytes, of all of the disks and partitions on a machine. Bonus points for any additional information on the drive or partition such as make/model/label/filesystem. It should also be able to report the size of drives with no partition table installed

• plain fdisk
  • ✗ No GUID Partition Table support
  • ✗ Not in bytes, no flags to allow for it
• sfdisk
  • ✗ No GUID Partition Table support
  • ✓ Flag to support Megabytes (close)
• parted
  • ✓ Does support GPT
  • ! Option to control unit only works on one disk at a time
  • ✗ Rounds to largest possible unit
• lshw
  • ✗ Doesn't show partition info
  • ✗ Rounds to highest unit
  • ✗ No option to control units
• pvdisplay / pvs
  • ✗ Only works on disks that are part of LVM2 array
  • ✗ Doesn't show disk info if partition is volume used in array
  • ✓ Does have flags to set unit to bytes

Today I'm trying to figure out which driver is best for my USB wireless dongle. Everywhere I look I just see Ralink STA but this isn't telling me which module this actually is.

I'm sure there's a way of looking it up but the computer should be able to tell me, shouldn't it?

Meta: This question is open to any piece of hardware, not just my wireless card. It would be helpful if we had a thread of useful diagnostic procedures so that other people can find out what's going on with their hardware.