I have been developing in the windows space with Visual Studio for a while now with work, but I have also been using Ubuntu for a while and am keen to get into some software development for linux.
I should also note. I am not looking for .NET and I am aware of mono. I am also familiar with c++ development and some python, so the language isn't so much relevant as the "all in one" aspect.
I was interested to know if there is a useful all in one code/debug/design(gui) IDE similar to something like Visual Studio but for linux?
In your comment you said you were more concerned about the "all in one" aspect, however if you want the best possible experience I think it's important to choose the right tool.
C++/Qt:
Qt Creator: A cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE) tailored to the needs of Qt developers. (I would recommend this option if you plan to be programming in C++).
Java:
Eclipse: This is pretty much the de facto Java IDE.
C#/.NET:
Mono: MonoDevelop is an IDE primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages.
My personal "IDE" is Gedit. It is minimal (similar to Notepad++ on Windows), but it gets the job done. It also supports plugins which can basically make it a true IDE. It supports most languages including C/C++, Java, C#, Python, Ruby, PHP, HTML, etc.
If you're using KDE as your desktop enviroment and don't want to run Gedit, you could also try Kate.
I don't have much experience with it myself (I personally like to work in gedit), but for the sake of completeness we really should mention Anjuta . It is part of the GNOME project, and includes many of the features you are interested in.
Focus on C/C++, but extensible with plugins. Some support for Python and Vala.
Integrated Glade user interface designer.
Version control integration with at least Git, CVS, and Subversion.
Project management and autotools support.
Integrated debugger including breakpoints, ect... Backed by gdb.
GTK+/GNOME Devhelp API help browser integration.
Valgrind plugin to profile programs for memory leaks.
I can't believe everyone's saying "use KDevelop" for C++.
In my experience, there is no better tool than Qt Creator.
It is:
It depends on the programming language:
Java, PHP, C/C++, ... : Eclipse, NetBeans
C#: MonoDevelop
Although other answers might suggest that MonoDevelop is only for C# development, it also handles C, C++, Python, Vala and Java. And Visual Basic, if that's what you're after :).
Microsoft's Visual Studio Code is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) with support for Mac, Linux and Windows.
Mono is a mature and successful open-source implementation of the .Net framework and many .Net languages (C#, for example). If you know Visual Basic or C#, then you can code on Ubuntu (works even on Windows and Mac OSX) using MonoDevelop << (Click this icon to install MonoDevelop). Its a nice and highly-featured IDE, and creates applications that look and feel native on Ubuntu (thanks to the use of GTK).
You may also consider Lazarus which basically mimics Delphi type of application Development.
I haven't used it, but I've heard about Code::Blocks, which is also quite good. From forums I just read, it seems Code::Blocks might be just a little unstable. You might want to look at this thread at cplusplus.com. Just googling "kdevelop vs codeblocks" gives a bunch of results that compares the two as well as some others like Anjuta, Eclipse and NetBeans.
I use codelite, which is a rapidly growing IDE for C/C++. It is my favorite of the lot so far, eclipse being too restrictive, code::lite being bloated (in my opinion).
EDIT: I'd just like to add that it is clearly inspired by Visual Studio, so users of the VS tools should feel at home.