Disk Utility: What's the difference between "Unmount" and "Safe Removal"?

"Unmount" unmounts a filesystem. If your USB mass storage device (e.g. USB memory sticks or USB hard disks) contains more than one partition, this will only unmount the filesystem on the currently selected partition.

"Safe removal" does the same as "eject" I suppose. In case of USB mass storage devices it powers down the device, which makes it inaccessible (it will disappear from the device list until you unplug & plug it in again). Powering down the device before unmounting would have the same result as disconnecting the usb device without unmounting: possible data loss.

From a usability point of view, it would be better if clicking the "safe removal" button for a device that still has mounted filesystems on it would just ask if it's okay to unmount those filesystems, or maybe even just do that without asking, because that's most likely what the user wants...

The commandline-equivalents of the Disk Utility buttons are:

• udisks --unmount for the "Unmount" button
• udisks --detach for the "Safe Removal" button

Mounting a volume means putting it somewhere in the file system so that it's data becomes available. For example, mounting a flash volume named MyFlash usually creates to a folder named /media/MyFlash from which it's contents can be accessed.

Unmounting it means making it's data unavailable through the file system. That means either:

• /media/MyFlash does not exist any more after unmounting, or
• /media/MyFlash is an empty folder

Also you unmount one partition at a time. If you have multiple volumes (partitions) on your drive, you need to unmount each one separately.

Even if the kernel writes all it's data through the USB port, some devices, especially external (rotating) hard drives, may buffer this data and not write it to the disk immediately. Just unmounting all partitions and pulling away the USB cable may leave data in these buffers unwritten to disk and thus lost. However, when safely removing the drive the kernel tells the drive to make sure all data is written and waits until the drive confirms to have done so.

The kernel associates some special files with devices. Say we have a device /dev/sdc with two partitions /dev/sdc1/ and /dev/sdc1. Mounting and unmounting operations make use of these files and formatting tools use them to write data directly to the partition. But when you "safely remove" the drive the kernel no longer associates any /dev/sdc* file with your drive.

As long as the drive is not "safely removed", but just "unmounted" there is still a way for applications and the kernel to write to the disk, and there is no guarantee that the kernel has finished writing it's buffers to disk, or that the disk has finished recoding them.

If I use safe removal on a pendrive, then I'm not able to use any other pendrive. Ubuntu doesn't recognize that I have plugged a pendrive at all. (nothing shows on /var/log/messages)

This was on ubuntu version 10.04, maybe it's fixed now.