All Questions(ubuntu)

I had Windows 7 and Lubuntu together. I decided to replace Lubuntu with Ubuntu, and deleted the partition it was on. I created a bootable USB stick with Ubuntu 24 desktop, and started the installation.

During the installation the boot hung at one stage, and nothing happened for a long time. After I restarted the PC, I saw grub rescue

and I tried to fix the situation with different solutions from the Internet, but it did not help. As a result, at the moment I have Windows 7, which cannot be launched, a bootable USB stick with Ubuntu, which will not install it (but can launch a trial version), and grub rescue, which is shown when I start the computer without a USB stick.

I understand that I acted very stupidly and made a lot of mistakes.
Is it possible to somehow fix the situation?
If yes, how to do it?

I was trying to open the MySQL Database from the XAMPP (8.2.12) that I just installed on fresh Ubuntu 24.04.1 system. While the Apache Web Server and ProFTPD is running, MySQL refuses to start:

XAMPP Panel Error Status

Here's the complete error log:

2024-09-29 22:01:48 401639 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /opt/lampp/var/mysql
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] Starting MariaDB 10.4.32-MariaDB source revision c4143f909528e3fab0677a28631d10389354c491 as proces2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] Using unique option prefix 'key_buffer' is error-prone and can break in the future. Please use the full name 'key_buffer_size' instead.
s 401794
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.11
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] InnoDB: Using SSE2 crc32 instructions
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] mysqld: Can't create/write to file '/tmp/user/0/ib6ZuSDa' (Errcode: 13 "Permission denied")
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Unable to create temporary file; errno: 13
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] mysqld: Can't create/write to file '/tmp/user/0/ibXs4LuJ' (Errcode: 13 "Permission denied")
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Unable to create temporary file; errno: 13
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Plugin initialization aborted with error Generic error
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed.
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [Note] Plugin 'FEEDBACK' is disabled.
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB
2024-09-29 22:01:48 0 [ERROR] Aborting
2024-09-29 22:01:48 401639 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /opt/lampp/var/mysql/immanuel.pid ended
2024-09-29 22:06:09 405682 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /opt/lampp/var/mysql
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] Starting MariaDB 10.4.32-MariaDB source revision c4143f909528e3fab0677a28631d10389354c491 as process 405833
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] Using unique option prefix 'key_buffer' is error-prone and can break in the future. Please use the full name 'key_buffer_size' instead.
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.11
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] InnoDB: Using SSE2 crc32 instructions
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [ERROR] mysqld: Can't create/write to file '/tmp/user/0/ibyJHfgh' (Errcode: 13 "Permission denied")
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Unable to create temporary file; errno: 13
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [ERROR] mysqld: Can't create/write to file '/tmp/user/0/ibXryd3L' (Errcode: 13 "Permission denied")
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Unable to create temporary file; errno: 13
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [ERROR] InnoDB: Plugin initialization aborted with error Generic error
2024-09-29 22:06:09 0 [Note] InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
2024-09-29 22:06:10 0 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed.
2024-09-29 22:06:10 0 [Note] Plugin 'FEEDBACK' is disabled.
2024-09-29 22:06:10 0 [ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB
2024-09-29 22:06:10 0 [ERROR] Aborting
2024-09-29 22:06:10 405682 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /opt/lampp/var/mysql/immanuel.pid ended

I've tried numerous proposed solutions like this one, but none of them appears to be working.

Installed Ubuntu 24.04 as dual boot with windows on my ssd about a month ago. At first I had access to my windows files while in ubuntu via the SSD icon but now it says "Failed to mount windows, error mounting /dev/... wrong fs type, bad option, bad....or other error"

I have changed a few display settings since it last worked in the quest for scroll bars, but that's all.

Edit: I have double checked that fast start is not enabled in windows

Ubfan1: I don't seem to have bitlocker so it's no that.

I have firefox from ppa on kubuntu 22.04. Now I want to install firefox esr additionally. Without mixing up with the already installed normal firefox. There is a thread here already but it doesn´t say how to do it....;)

edit: snap is not an option because the plugin I want to use on it only works with firefox-esr installed via apt

If I run incremental backups with rsync from the .bash_logout files, when will the backup complete its work? Before logout or after?