j0h's questions

when you first boot, and you're greeted with the warm glow of a black screen and flashing prompt, what program is that? What program handles evaluation of the credentials? Or rather, what component of the source code is it? I may be confusing myself, but I think the various user shells are loaded after user authentication.

... which might mean that bash is launched in single user mode, then bash checks credentials & launches a user shell? (I think this is how it works)

(Im interested in adding a feature to the credential checking process, but I'm looking at bash source code, and I'm not sure where to begin. )

I have a log file sorted by IP addresses, I want to find the number of occurrences of each unique IP address. How can I do this with bash? Possibly listing the number of occurrences next to an ip, such as:

5.135.134.16 count: 5
13.57.220.172: count 30
18.206.226 count:2

and so on.

Here’s a sample of the log:

5.135.134.16 - - [23/Mar/2019:08:42:54 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
5.135.134.16 - - [23/Mar/2019:08:42:55 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
5.135.134.16 - - [23/Mar/2019:08:42:55 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3836 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
5.135.134.16 - - [23/Mar/2019:08:42:55 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
5.135.134.16 - - [23/Mar/2019:08:42:56 -0400] "POST /xmlrpc.php HTTP/1.1" 200 413 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:05 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:06 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3985 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:07 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:08 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3833 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:09 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:11 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3836 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:12 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:15 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3837 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.220.172 - - [23/Mar/2019:11:01:17 -0400] "POST /xmlrpc.php HTTP/1.1" 200 413 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
13.57.233.99 - - [23/Mar/2019:04:17:45 -0400] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 25160 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.100 Safari/537.36"
18.206.226.75 - - [23/Mar/2019:21:58:07 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "https://www.google.com/url?3a622303df89920683e4421b2cf28977" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0"
18.206.226.75 - - [23/Mar/2019:21:58:07 -0400] "POST /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3988 "https://www.google.com/url?3a622303df89920683e4421b2cf28977" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0"
18.213.10.181 - - [23/Mar/2019:14:45:42 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
18.213.10.181 - - [23/Mar/2019:14:45:42 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"
18.213.10.181 - - [23/Mar/2019:14:45:42 -0400] "GET /wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 2988 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:62.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/62.0"

Is there a command to get the number of frames in a gif? I have some gifs, and I want to convert them into arrays, but I want to limit the array, and structure of the array based on the number of frames in any random gif I happen to feed my program. I was thinking imagemagick might have such an option, but i haven't found it yet.

Before you go marking this as a dupe, I know about Ctrl+Shift+C and Ctrl+Shift+V

I try to use them, and it doesn't work. On one particular Ubuntu computer, normal copy paste commands do not work: They do not work locally, and they do not work via remote session.

My guess was that perhaps logging into a computer where these functions where acting normally, and logging in via ssh would bypass the issue. This was not the case. I still cannot gain this functionally, even though the Ubuntu PC I am using has functional copy and paste from the terminal.

So I am out of guesses.

How do I enable this? The affected computer runs Ubuntu MATE 16.04. The terminal is mate-terminal, except when I login via ssh, in which case it's Bash. Caja is the window manager.

It appears that upowerd is hogging my cpu time, I killed the process, but it has returned, and is climbing in resource consumption. Do I need upower? can I disable it?

I am using ubuntu Mate 16.04.

heres a screen-shot from the top command

I've made sprite sheets many times before, but now gimp is messing up. Bucket fill, colours a space gray rather than teal. I cant figure out how to fix it, (I havent tried purging gimp yet). I made a video of the problem, but It would appear I cant provide that directly. Here is a link to the video of the problem:

I am trying to write some panel apps for ubuntu Mate. I know C/C++, and SDL reasonably well. I have seen the Mate-University panel apps github page, but i cannot get it to work properly / Im having a though time with it.

I am just wondering, if there is some easy avenue to write panel apps? I am not talking about using the custom application launcher, I would like to add new functionality, to the panel, but Im not sure how to. A tutorial, or description about writing panel apps could be really helpful.

A long while ago, I had a clock set to say things like morning, day, evening, night, for time in a panel app. Broad stroke, not very specific, It might have been a KDE desktop. I am in Ubuntu Mate now, is there a way to get this vague time description in the mate panel?

I have some lit files I want to convert from Microsoft reader files to something my other devices can read. My friend says I should have clit, in

$ which clit
/usr/bin/clit

but I cannot find it. I tried locate clit but the results are unrelated. So then I tried sudo apt-get install clit but it says package not found. Is clit a standard package? where can I find it?

consider the output of this ls -l command:

$ ls -l /usr/bin | tail
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     105696 Oct 25  2014 zenity
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     188296 Oct 21  2013 zip
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      86096 Oct 21  2013 zipcloak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      48459 Mar  3  2015 zipdetails
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root       2953 Oct 29 10:45 zipgrep
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root     166584 Oct 29 10:45 zipinfo

the permissions are listed in the nice, human readable characters. Is there a way to get ls to output the numerical equivalent to those permissions?

The environmental variable in $PWD has the current working directory. Is there a variable that contains the previous directory? If there is not, how might one be created?

I think this could be useful.

I was confused, trying to copy some files from one PC to another. I have it figured out, but the syntax is still confusing to me. This works:

scp ~/Desktop/Volenteer.png [email protected]:~j0h/b

which puts Volenteer.png in the folder /home/j0h/b. However, this doesn't work:

scp ~Desktop/Volenteer.png     [email protected]:~j0h/b

This also fails, giving an exit status 1 file not found:

scp ~/Desktop/Volenteer.png     [email protected]:~/j0h/b

As does this:

scp ~Desktop/Volenteer.png     [email protected]:~j0h/b

So clearly, there is some difference between ~ and ~/ That difference is the presence of /

$~/
bash: /home/j0h/: Is a directory
$ ~
bash: /home/j0h: Is a directory

So why in scp, does the ~ resolve to ~/ ? That is a guess, I cant verify that's what is happening. But it seems inconsistent, and therefore confusing. Is this a bug in scp? or is there something about tilde I am missing?

Is there an easy way to log all activity that occurs from a shell script to a file?

I have a script. It outputs things like echo "instructions", as well as other program output. I know the commands:

command | tee -a "$log_file"

and

command >> logifle.log

What I'm asking is whether there is a shell parameter for logging, or a set command I can use or something like that. I don't necessarily want to add dozens of redirects or tee to files if I don't have to. I still want to get std output though - I just also want it to be logged.:wq

I am working on my computer, trying to write some device code. I checked into dmesg to get some info, and saw this:

perf interrupt took too long (2507 > 2500), lowering kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to 50000

what does this event mean? Cause? Concern?

I have a ton of CDs to image, and I just got curious. I can eject with the eject command. What command inserts the disk tray back into the CD drive?

yes it is the type that can pull the tray back in. I searched the eject man page, and guessed at the command, but i couldn't figure it out.

In the past, I have been able to copy and paste text between Windows and Linux remote desktop sessions.

Now for some reason, I cannot do this. I would like to regain this functionality, how might I do that?

I am using Remmina for my remote desktop connection.

I have been told it was possible, but without a single working example, that sed can read from a string variable without need for an input file. I have yet to get it to work. For general safety, I’m writing the $PATH variable to another variable, as I mess with this, because I don’t need other problems to arise until I know exactly how to do this.

Consider the following:

~$x=$PATH
~$sed -i 's/:/ /g' $x

this fails with: No such file or directory.

Here are some others I have tried:

~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' | (read x) 
sed: no input files
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' | (read $x) 
bash: read: `/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games': not a valid identifier
sed: no input files
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' | $(read x) 
sed: no input files
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' | $(read $x) 
bash: read: `/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games': not a valid identifier
sed: no input files
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < $(read $x) 
bash: read: `/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games': not a valid identifier
bash: $(read $x): ambiguous redirect
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < read $x 
bash: read: No such file or directory
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < (read x) 
bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < $((read x)) 
bash: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games: syntax error: operand expected (error token is "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games")
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < $((read $x)) 
bash: read /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games: division by 0 (error token is "usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games")
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' << $((read $x)) 
> ;^C
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' << $(read $x)
> ;^C
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' $x
sed: can't read /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games: No such file or directory
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < $x
bash: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games: No such file or directory
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' < echo $x
bash: echo: No such file or directory
~$ sed -i 's/:/ /g' |  echo $x
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games
sed: no input files

Can this even work? I would prefer not to need to write files I don't need just so I can use sed. For this particular example, if ~$x=$PATH ~$sed -i 's/:/ /g' $x actually worked the way I would have hoped, I would get:

/usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /sbin /bin /usr/games /usr/local/games

which I could then assign to a variable, and use in future commands, like ls $x

I am greping a string from multiple files, but the one undesired side effect, is the filename prefacing the output. How can I suppress the filename outputs using only grep?

  $ grep -i lp lpNet* 
    lpNet:This was printed via the internet using the lp command.
    lpNet:I believe lp doesnt care what the device is. 
    lpNet1:This was printed via the internet using the lp command.
    lpNet1:I believe lp doesnt care what the device is. 
    lpNet2:This was printed via the internet using the lp command.
    lpNet2:I believe lp doesnt care what the device is. 
    lpNet3:This was printed via the internet using the lp command.
    lpNet3:I believe lp doesnt care what the device is. 

I have solved the issue for now using cat lpNet* | grep lp I am just wondering if there is a more efficient path to have the same effect

I have received some research that is on 5. 25" floppies. My mobo supports 5. 25" disks, and, I have the disk drive. I am not trying to use this media long term, I just want the research data.

Update:

I just found out the file-system is some proprietary system put out by Varian. I have a machine that might be able to read the data... Or that machine might not work. If anyone knows about archaic Varian OSes / File-systems, I would be happy to hear about it.

Image mounting is current priority, I have been able to get disk images using ddrescue, and or safecopy. Both softwares show that there is block errors on some disks. I am still unable to mount the images the disks produce, mount persistently asks for file-system type. Fat, vfat, exfat, fat16 and some others I tried, but they fail, saying something like incorrect FS type. Yes, I have also tried combinations of -o loop.

I have been unable to determine FS type by looking at the hexdump -C output from the image files.

Also, I thried to determine FS type this way:

#dd if=lisa1.iso | file -
/dev/stdin: data 

I still do not know how to get to where I can mount / see files.

I just read that 18k is the standard block-size of a single track, so this is the "native" amount of bits the floppy read heads want to read anyway. It should be fastest and have the best chance of getting all the resalable bits.

I will re-image the disks tomorrow.

My boss says he doesn't know what the File-system type is, or what it might have been. , I may able to locate the instrument which generated the data. This will require time to dig in the graveyard of old science equipment.

I have installed testdisk to try and do data recovery.

I can remember having to do something like this in 2008, but I can't recall now, how I used to recover floppy disk data.

When I run udisk, or mount I get an error saying the floppy is not a valid block device.

$ sudo mount /dev/fd0 Desktop/lisa/
mount: /dev/fd0 is not a valid block device

$ sudo udisks --mount /dev/fd0
Mount failed: Error mounting: mount: /dev/fd0 is not a valid block device

UPDATE1:

• Floppy Drive port options are on. I have them set to 5. 25" double density
  • The disk drive models are: Epson SD-700 and Epson SD-600
  • The Disks are Verbatum DataLife MD 2D "Double Density"
  • I have added the module for floppy disks.

UPDATE2:

$ sudo udisks --mount /dev/fd0
Mount failed: Error mounting: mount: you must specify the filesystem type

Mount gives the same error, but... I Don't know the File System type.

$getfdprm 
DS QD sect=13 

I ran this program from fdutils. http://www.fdutils.linux.lu/Fdutils.html DS means double sided QD means Quad Density sect=13 is a sector count. I don't really know what the output means, in terms of how to mount the disks and get the data.

What should I do to find the filesystem type?

UPDATE3: As a sanity check, I found a "new" box of blank, formatted floppies, I was able to read and write data, without specifying a File system type.

Assuming the Floppies I have with research on them are formatted, and have errors, might that prevent them from being mounted?

Heres what ddrescue is doing:

$ sudo ddrescue /dev/fd0 ~/Desktop/fd0.iso


Press Ctrl-C to interrupt
rescued:    454656 B,  errsize:   1019 kB,  current rate:        0 B/s
   ipos:    538624 B,   errors:      11,    average rate:       69 B/s
   opos:    538624 B,     time from last successful read:      40 s

I rotated my screen, and once I login, it works fine. But, the greeter (login) screen hasn't got the message that things are rotated 90 degrees. How can I change the rotation of the login screen?

UPDATE: lock screen is in correct position. I only see this when I boot, or log out.