$ sudo apt install libdrm-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libdrm-dev : Depends: libdrm2 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is to be installed
              Depends: libdrm-intel1 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is to be installed
              Depends: libdrm-radeon1 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is to be installed
              Depends: libdrm-nouveau2 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is to be installed
              Depends: libdrm-amdgpu1 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

Can I force it to use my newer versions? Is there something I'm missing? sudo aptitude install libdrm-dev shows me my current versions are newer:

$ sudo aptitude install libdrm-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libdrm-dev{b} 
0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 126 kB of archives. After unpacking 658 kB will be used.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libdrm-dev : Depends: libdrm2 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is installed
              Depends: libdrm-intel1 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is installed
              Depends: libdrm-radeon1 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is installed
              Depends: libdrm-nouveau2 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is installed
              Depends: libdrm-amdgpu1 (= 2.4.101-2) but 2.4.107-8ubuntu1~20.04.2 is installed
The following actions will resolve these dependencies:

     Keep the following packages at their current version:
1)     libdrm-dev [Not Installed]                         



Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] 

I'm trying to follow my own installation instructions here: USB to HDMI adapter that works with Ubuntu. They work great on Ubuntu 22.04, but not 20.04. On 20.04 when I do the sudo apt install displaylink-driver step, I get:

$ sudo apt install displaylink-driver 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 displaylink-driver : Depends: evdi (>= 1.14.1) but it is not going to be installed
                      Depends: evdi (< 1.15.0) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

This answer recommends sudo apt install evdi-dkms.

That results in more errors:

Building initial module for 5.15.0-41-generic
ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-5.15.0-41-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 5.15.0-41-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/make.log for more information.
dpkg: error processing package evdi-dkms (--configure):
 installed evdi-dkms package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 10
Setting up libevdi0 (1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.9) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 evdi-dkms
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

Full context:

$ sudo apt install evdi-dkms
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libevdi0
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  evdi-dkms libevdi0
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 34.4 kB of archives.
After this operation, 173 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 evdi-dkms all 1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3 [25.5 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libevdi0 amd64 1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3 [8,972 B]
Fetched 34.4 kB in 0s (74.8 kB/s)   
Selecting previously unselected package evdi-dkms.
(Reading database ... 499689 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../evdi-dkms_1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3_all.deb ...
Unpacking evdi-dkms (1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libevdi0.
Preparing to unpack .../libevdi0_1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libevdi0 (1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3) ...
Setting up evdi-dkms (1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3) ...
Loading new evdi-1.6.0+dfsg DKMS files...
Building for 5.15.0-41-generic
Building initial module for 5.15.0-41-generic
ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-5.15.0-41-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 5.15.0-41-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/make.log for more information.
dpkg: error processing package evdi-dkms (--configure):
 installed evdi-dkms package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 10
Setting up libevdi0 (1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.9) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 evdi-dkms
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

And now sudo apt install installs on anything else. And sudo apt upgrade fails with this:

$ sudo apt upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
1 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
Setting up evdi-dkms (1.6.0+dfsg-1ubuntu3) ...
Removing old evdi-1.6.0+dfsg DKMS files...

------------------------------
Deleting module version: 1.6.0+dfsg
completely from the DKMS tree.
------------------------------
Done.
Loading new evdi-1.6.0+dfsg DKMS files...
Building for 5.15.0-41-generic
Building initial module for 5.15.0-41-generic
ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-5.15.0-41-generic is not supported
Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 5.15.0-41-generic (x86_64)
Consult /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/make.log for more information.
dpkg: error processing package evdi-dkms (--configure):
 installed evdi-dkms package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 10
Errors were encountered while processing:
 evdi-dkms
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

So I run sudo dpkg -r evdi-dkms, per my comment here to fix that, and I'm back at the beginning again. sudo apt upgrade works again, thank goodness!--whew! But, sudo apt install displaylink-driver is right back to the error at the beginning.

I tried upgrading to Ubuntu 22.04, and /boot is too full.

Note: from the sudo apt install evdi-dkms failure messages above, it says to:

Consult /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/make.log for more information.

Here's what is in that file:

From /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/make.log:

DKMS make.log for evdi-1.6.0+dfsg for kernel 5.15.0-41-generic (x86_64)
Thu 28 Sep 2023 07:05:36 PM MST
make: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.15.0-41-generic'
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_drv.o
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_connector.o
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_modeset.o
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_encoder.o
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_main.o
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_fb.o
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_gem.o
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_drv.c:11:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   11 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_drv.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
  CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_painter.o
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_connector.c:14:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   14 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_modeset.c:15:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   15 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.b<drm/drmP.h>uild:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_modeset.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_connector.o] Error 1
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_encoder.c:14:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   14 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_encoder.o] Error 1
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_gem.c:11:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   11 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_gem.o] Error 1
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_main.c:15:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   15 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_main.o] Error 1
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_painter.c:12:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   12 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_painter.o] Error 1
/var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_fb.c:20:10: fatal error: drm/drmP.h: No such file or directory
   20 | #include <drm/drmP.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:285: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build/evdi_fb.o] Error 1
make: *** [Makefile:1875: /var/lib/dkms/evdi/1.6.0+dfsg/build] Error 2
make: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.15.0-41-generic'


ERROR (dkms apport): kernel package linux-headers-5.15.0-41-generic is not supported

So apparently I'm missing the <drm/drmP.h> header file if anyone knows how to get that.

The evdi source code seems to be here: https://github.com/DisplayLink/evdi

I was unable to build it from scratch. make fails with another missing header file.

(And this is why people use Windows, friends).

I'm trying to install libdrm-dev, per these instructions: How to install DisplayLink software on Ubuntu 20.04 or (newer) How to install DisplayLink software on legacy Ubuntu versions

...but that doesn't work either.
New question: Cannot install libdrm-dev on Ubuntu 20.04 because it requires dependencies which are older than what I have

If I manually build and install libdrm from source, per my answer here, and then manually try to install the DisplayLink driver, the installer still blocks me:

~/Downloads/Install_Files/DisplayLink/DisplayLink USB Graphics Software for Ubuntu5.8-EXE$ sudo ./displaylink-driver-5.8.0-63.33.run 
Verifying archive integrity...  100%   MD5 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing DisplayLink Linux Driver 5.8.0-63.33  100%  
Distribution discovered: Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS
[ Installing dependencies ]
Need to update package list.
apt update? (Y/n) n
Unsatisfied dependencies. Missing component: libdrm.
This is a fatal error, cannot install DisplayLink Linux Software.

See also

1. Problems installing DisplayLink Driver on Ubuntu 20.04
2. Can't install Synaptics displaylink-driver on Ubuntu 22.04

I had a LUKS-encrypted Ubuntu 20.04 setup. I followed my own instructions here to shrink the LUKS partition and install Ubuntu 22.04, also LUKS-encrypted. Now, my grub boot menu no longer gives me the option to boot my old LUKS-encrypted Ubuntu 20.04 version. Rather, it just boots the new 22.04 one.

How do I add the LUKS-encrypted Ubuntu 20.04 version back in?

Here's my disk, as shown in gparted while logged into the new Ubuntu 22.04 OS.

Description:

1. /dev/nvme0n1p1 is the 512 MiB EFI partition
2. /dev/nvme0n1p2 is the ext4 /boot non-encrypted partition for the old Ubuntu 20.04 OS
3. /dev/nvme0n1p3 is the LUKS-encrypted partition containing a single LVM volume with Ubuntu 20.04 in it (no longer in the grub menu)
4. /dev/nvme0n1p4 is the ext4 /boot non-encrypted partition for the new Ubuntu 22.04 OS
5. /dev/nvme0n1p5 is the LUKS-encrypted partition containing a single LVM volume with Ubuntu 22.04 in it (is in the grub menu, and is the OS running right now)

Possibly useful:

1. For more-experienced people, this answer to a different question may have some clues, but I don't understand it: How to get grub to boot from a newly encrypted partition
2. How to repair /boot on LUKS encrypted harddrive?

I installed the Awesome Tiles Gnome Extension in Ubuntu 22.04 via the gnome-shell-extension-manager since installing via the browser doesn't work due to a bug in Ubuntu 22.04, and changed some keyboard shortcuts in the settings. I want to reset them all to default. If I uninstall and reinstall the extension, that does not reset its settings. How do I reset its settings?

Update: Related:

1. Google search for "where are gnome extensions settings stored?"
2. Where are gnome extensions preferences stored?

I wrote this popular answer for Ubuntu 18.04 and 20.04, but now it won't work on Ubuntu 22.04 due to Wayland.

https://github.com/negesti/gnome-shell-extensions-negesti#wayland--wnck:

Because of this dependency and the different concepts of wayland and X11 to identify applications (wm_class vs. application_id) Wayland is not supported!

And from https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/39/put-windows/:

Any ideas, fixes, or alternatives?

This is something but isn't very useful, in my 2 minutes of playing with it: https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/shell-windows-states.html.en

In case this matters, a fresh Ubuntu 22.04 install has GNOME Shell 42.5, as shown by gnome-shell --version.

WinTile looks promising, but no luck so far. I opened an issue: https://github.com/Fmstrat/wintile/issues/91#issue-1504090370

BlueStacks is a really easy-to-use (and freeware, apparently) Android emulator that runs well on Windows or Mac, but isn't made for Linux.

I was able to get it to run in Ubuntu here by running it inside a Windows 10 virtual machine inside VirtualBox inside Ubuntu 20.04. In other words:

1. Install the VirtualBox virtual machine inside Ubuntu 20.04.
2. Install Windows 10 inside VirtualBox.
3. Install the BlueStacks Android virtual machine inside Windows 10.
4. Open it, log into the Play Store with your Google Account.
5. Install and run your apps.

But, the apps run really slow since it is 2 virtual machine layers deep. The first layer gets virtualization support with multiple cores, but the 2nd layer (BlueStacks Android emulator) does not get hardware virtualization support, and is therefore single-threaded and very slow.

Which Android emulators run well in Ubuntu?

I noticed this question exists too: What Android emulators are available?, but it's extremely out-of-date. The accepted answer is from 2012. The longest answer was last updated in 2017 and doesn't even mention BlueStacks, which is perhaps an industry leader today, and the other answers are all from 2012 and 2013.

How can I view my Wyze Camera live video stream on Linux Ubuntu?

I have the Wyze Cam V3.

Constraints:

1. I really don't want to lose the ability to view the video feed from the app on my phone when I leave the house.
2. Ideally, I won't lose any other modern features Wyze provides, and automatic firmware updates will still take place.

How do you set up NoMachine on Ubuntu?

Why Nomachine?

On Windows, I love using Chrome Remote Desktop for remote logins, and it works great. But, on Linux, I just have problem after problem with Chrome Remote Desktop, and it's super buggy:

1. It stops me from mounting and using plugged in USB disks or drives: Automount when clicking on disks in GUI file manager suddenly stopped working in Ubuntu. ("Unable to mount...Not authorized to perform operation.")
2. It stops me from changing my printer settings: Ubuntu 18.04 gnome settings: how to fix "System policy prevents changes. Contact your system administrator" on 2nd user which is already an admin
3. I get roughly one usage per reinstall of Chrome Remote Desktop: Can't connect to Chrome Remote Desktop on Ubuntu 18
4. etc.

So, I've heard good things about NoMachine and want to give it a shot. But, I want to use key-based authentication and disable password-based authentication for improved security. So, how do I set up NoMachine to do this?

I know I can do:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install solaar

to install the 3rd-party tool solaar on Ubuntu, so I can use it to pair and unpair new Logitech devices such as keyboards and mice to my unifying Logitech Receivers, and so I can see the battery status of many of these devices, but the solaar version installed is very old, doesn't show up properly in the top-right of my main screen, and overall seems buggy.

How do I install the latest one and configure it to work without special permissions, and to auto-start after each reboot?

Doesn't the latest version of solaar allow me to change settings, like the DPI sensitivity setting in a mouse? How do I change that setting?

I followed my instructions here years ago to make nemo my default file manager instead of nautilus (which is the default packaged with Ubuntu 18.04, 20.04, etc).

I used to be able to (for many years) hover my mouse over the little icon to the left of the URL in the address bar, and drag and drop shortcuts to URLs right into the nemo file manager. However, in the last 2 weeks to month or so (possibly as recently as the last 72 hrs, as I'm not actually sure when it quit working) I can no longer drag and drop links from the Chrome browser into my nemo file manager on Linux. It still works fine from Firefox, but not Chrome.

I tested it in Chrome Version 97.0.4692.71 (Official Build) (64-bit) on both Ubuntu 18.04 AND 20.04--the result is the same--it's now broken. I submitted this information to Google (and so should you too please to get them to look at it!) via 3-dots in Chrome --> Help --> "Report an Issue...", but want to know if anyone else is experiencing this and if anyone else has found a work-around or fix to it for Ubuntu.

Here is an animated .gif demonstrating this failed behavior from Chrome. In the gif below, the top-left window is the nano text editor, zoomed way in. The top-right window is the nemo file manager. The bottom-left is the Firefox web browser on this URL, and the bottom-right is the Chrome web browser (version specified above) on the same URL. I have the Chrome browser in the bottom-right in Incognito Mode (hence why it's dark) to prove it's not a plugin problem or something causing the failed behavior.

When I run my C program on Ubuntu 20.04, I get this run-time error:

Segmentation fault (core dumped)

I really need to find and view the core file, but I can't find it anywhere. Where is it, and how do I view the backtrace in it?

In my Ubuntu 20.04 display settings on a Dell Latitude 7490 laptop, I can set my laptop monitor to 1920 x 1080 resolution at 60 Hz, but I cannot set my AOC CU32V3 32" 4k monitor to 60 Hz (see screenshots below), even though the monitor supports it. It feels laggy, so I'd really like to increase the refresh rate to 60 Hz. Any idea how I can do this?

Laptop monitor is 60Hz:

External monitor supports 4k (3840 x 2160 resolution) at 60Hz refresh rate, but I cannot set it to 60Hz:

Notice there's no 60Hz option:

Proof the manufacturer says it supports 60Hz at 4k:

https://us.aoc.com/en/monitors/cu32v3

Info on my laptop's graphics card (Intel HD Graphics 620):

I'm currently connected with a High Speed HDMI cable in HDMI 1.2 mode. Am I to understand that I must use a USB C to Display Port adapter and the Display Port to get 4k at 60Hz, perhaps, instead of HDMI?

Related:

1. https://www.dell.com/community/Latitude/How-to-have-Latitude-7490-to-use-4k-display-with-60Hz/td-p/6085124

On my PC, inside gnome-terminal in Ubuntu 18.04, the bell sound plays just fine when I run this:

echo -e "\a"

However, in the terminator terminal (sudo apt install terminator), which I now use as default because it has beautiful screen windowing abilities, it won't play the sound! Why not?

NOT A DUPLICATE: This is not a duplicate of other Questions, such as this one (Beep in shell script not working?), because I am asking specifically about the terminator terminal. My bell sound works fine in other terminals, for instance, but not in terminator. This is a new, unique question.

I have an Ubuntu 18.04 machine with 2 users. Both are admins. The 1st user works fine. The 2nd user has some system settings greyed out, such as the unlock button for modifying users. When I hover over it it says, "System policy prevents changes. Contact your system administrator":

...and the unlock button for modifying printer settings, as well as the printer settings themselves--both are greyed out!

Same with the Date & Time settings...the Unlock button is greyed out and has the same message.

What's wrong? How can I give user 2 the ability to change printer settings or modify users? They are a member of the sudo group, and an admin, and all of these settings work just fine for user 1.

Maybe has something to do with polkit? <-- no idea what this is and I don't understand it at all.

Update: in case any of these files are related to the issue somehow, I have these:

/usr/share/polkit-1$ tree
.
├── actions
│   ├── com.hp.hplip.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.apport.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.languageselector.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.release-upgrader.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.softwareproperties.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.systemservice.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.update-notifier.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.usbcreator.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.welcome.policy
│   ├── com.ubuntu.whoopsiepreferences.policy
│   ├── io.snapcraft.snapd.policy
│   ├── org.a11y.brlapi.policy
│   ├── org.debian.apt.policy
│   ├── org.dpkg.pkexec.update-alternatives.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.accounts.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.bolt.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.color.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.fwupd.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.hostname1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.locale1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.login1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.packagekit.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.packagekit.system-network-proxy-configure.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.pkexec.nomachine.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.policykit.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.RealtimeKit1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.resolve1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.systemd1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.timedate1.policy
│   ├── org.freedesktop.UDisks2.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.controlcenter.datetime.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.controlcenter.remote-login-helper.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.controlcenter.user-accounts.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.DejaDup.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.gparted.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.power.policy
│   ├── org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.wacom.policy
│   ├── org.gtk.vfs.file-operations.policy
│   ├── org.kde.kio.file.policy
│   ├── org.nemo.root.policy
│   ├── org.opensuse.cupspkhelper.mechanism.policy
│   ├── org.xfce.thunar.policy
│   └── org.x.xf86-video-intel.backlight-helper.policy
└── rules.d
    ├── 20-gnome-initial-setup.rules
    ├── 60-network-manager.rules
    ├── geoclue-2.0.rules
    ├── gnome-control-center.rules
    ├── org.freedesktop.bolt.rules
    ├── org.freedesktop.fwupd.rules
    ├── org.freedesktop.packagekit.rules
    ├── org.gtk.vfs.file-operations.rules
    └── systemd-networkd.rules

2 directories, 54 files

Also perhaps related:
Source: https://www.admin-magazine.com/Articles/Assigning-Privileges-with-sudo-and-PolicyKit

Related, but don't seem to help:

1. https://superuser.com/questions/980921/cant-unlock-system-settings-such-as-network-settings-to-edit-in-xubuntu
2. How can I give permission to a user be able to UNLOCK Users GUI to Create New Users when connected thru xRDP Sessions?
3. https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/system-policy-prevents-modification-of-network-settings-for-all-users-4175420519/
4. *****https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Polkit
5. https://www.freedesktop.org/software/polkit/docs/latest/polkit.8.html
6. https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/user-admin-change.html.en - doesn't work for me--button is greyed out
7. How can I create an administrator user from the command line? - doesn't seem to be what I need, and I already ran sudo usermod -aG sudo user2, then logged out and logged back in and user2 now shows sudo as one of the groups when I run groups, but it still won't work

What I'm trying to do:

1. Write a script to open 3 tabs.
2. cd into a different folder in each tab (ie: run a unique command).
3. get each tab to have a unique title by modifying its local PS1 variable
4. Ensure each tab stays open after the script is run

I want this scripted so I can click the script on my Desktop and have it open up terminals as I'd like for my daily development environment.

Description:

I have this script to try and open 3 terminal tabs with unique commands to be run in the tabs:

open_tabs.sh

#!/bin/bash

gnome-terminal --tab -- bash -ic "set-title title 1; exec bash"
gnome-terminal --tab -- bash -ic "cd ~; set-title title 2; exec bash"
gnome-terminal --tab

When I run it with ./open_tabs.sh, it opens up 3 new tabs, but unfortunately set-title doesn't work to set the tab title! It appears the PS1 variable isn't staying set with my set-title call. The exec bash is there to keep the tab open, per this answer and comments underneath it.

I have set-title defined as a function in ~/.bashrc like this. Its purpose is to set the title string at the top of any terminal window. It works perfectly when I use it manually. Ex: set-title hey how are you? will put "hey how are you?" at the top of my terminal window.

# From: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/177572/how-to-rename-terminal-tab-title-in-gnome-terminal/566383#566383
set-title() {
    # If the length of string stored in variable `PS1_BAK` is zero...
    # - See `man test` to know that `-z` means "the length of STRING is zero"
    if [[ -z "$PS1_BAK" ]]; then
        # Back up your current Bash Prompt String 1 (`PS1`) into a global backup variable `PS1_BAK`
        PS1_BAK=$PS1 
    fi

    # Set the title escape sequence string with this format: `\[\e]2;new title\a\]`
    # - See: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash/Prompt_customization#Customizing_the_terminal_window_title
    TITLE="\[\e]2;$@\a\]"
    # Now append the escaped title string to the end of your original `PS1` string (`PS1_BAK`), and set your
    # new `PS1` string to this new value
    PS1=${PS1_BAK}${TITLE}
}

How do I fix this so that each tab runs a command, sets its title by modifying its PS1 variable, and stays open?

Note that gnome-terminal has deprecated its --title and --command options, hence these work-arounds.

Related:

1. bash: "command not found" when calling function defined in ~/.bashrc file in `bash -c` command while opening gnome-terminal tab
2. https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/177572/how-to-rename-terminal-tab-title-in-gnome-terminal/566383#566383

3. Open Terminal with multiple tabs and execute application <== this is what I'm really trying to solve, but gnome-terminal's --command (-e) option is now deprecated!

   # Option “--command” is deprecated and might be removed in a later version of gnome-terminal.
   # Use “-- ” to terminate the options and put the command line to execute after it.
   

4. How to run a script without closing the terminal?

What I'm trying to do:

1. Write a script to open 3 tabs.
2. cd into a different folder in each tab (ie: run a unique command).
3. get each tab to have a unique title

I want this scripted so I can click the script on my Desktop and have it open up terminals as I'd like for my daily development environment.

Description:

I have this script to try and open 3 terminal tabs with unique commands to be run in the tabs:

open_tabs.sh

#!/bin/bash

gnome-terminal --tab -- bash -c "source $HOME/.bashrc && set-title hey; exec bash"
gnome-terminal --tab -- bash -c "cd ~; exec bash"
gnome-terminal --tab

When I run it with ./open_tabs.sh, it opens up 3 new tabs, but unfortunately set-title doesn't work to set the tab title! I get this error in that tab that opens:

bash: set-title: command not found

I have set-title defined as a function in ~/.bashrc like this. Its purpose is to set the title string at the top of any terminal window. It works perfectly when I use it manually. Ex: set-title hey how are you? will put "hey how are you?" at the top of my terminal window.

# From: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/177572/how-to-rename-terminal-tab-title-in-gnome-terminal/566383#566383
set-title() {
    # If the length of string stored in variable `PS1_BAK` is zero...
    # - See `man test` to know that `-z` means "the length of STRING is zero"
    if [[ -z "$PS1_BAK" ]]; then
        # Back up your current Bash Prompt String 1 (`PS1`) into a global backup variable `PS1_BAK`
        PS1_BAK=$PS1 
    fi

    # Set the title escape sequence string with this format: `\[\e]2;new title\a\]`
    # - See: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash/Prompt_customization#Customizing_the_terminal_window_title
    TITLE="\[\e]2;$@\a\]"
    # Now append the escaped title string to the end of your original `PS1` string (`PS1_BAK`), and set your
    # new `PS1` string to this new value
    PS1=${PS1_BAK}${TITLE}
}

How do I fix this!? I've tried exporting and sourceing and just don't know what I'm doing wrong here.

Related:

1. Open terminal with multiple tabs and execute application which uniquely modifies PS1 variable for each tab
2. https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/177572/how-to-rename-terminal-tab-title-in-gnome-terminal/566383#566383

3. Open Terminal with multiple tabs and execute application <== this is what I'm really trying to solve, but gnome-terminal's --command (-e) option is now deprecated!

   # Option “--command” is deprecated and might be removed in a later version of gnome-terminal.
   # Use “-- ” to terminate the options and put the command line to execute after it.
   

I'm using Ubuntu 18.04 with nemo as the file manager, and out of nowhere I can no longer mount disks or partitions which show up just by double-clicking them, when just a few weeks ago this worked perfectly fine! Any idea what changed? Perhaps an update messed it up?

The error is:

Unable to mount NAME_OF_DISK. Not authorized to perform operation.

Screenshot from nemo file manager:

This answer doesn't seem to help me either, as I just booted up and have nothing open really. Repeated reboots don't solve the problem. How would I find out which application might be holding the lock? Mount Flashdrive: Not Authorized to perform operation.

Note that the work-around is to manually do it with sudo, but I really don't like having to use sudo! Ex:

sudo mkdir /media/mydisk
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/mydisk

Or this works too:

sudo gnome-disks

Then use the gnome "Disks" utility to mount via the GUI.

If I do this though I cannot view the mounted partition unless I also run my file manager as root. Ex:

sudo nemo

Then navigate around in a GUI file manage window with elevated permissions.

Update:

• possibly related to Polkit?? - https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Polkit#Allow_mounting_a_filesystem_on_a_system_device_for_any_user

Related

1. https://superuser.com/questions/1151993/usb-automount-fail-not-authorized--related to Polkit and plugdev group?

Where are Amazon Kindle ebooks located on my Linux PC after I download them for offline reading with the "Kindle Cloud Reader" Chrome app, & how do I convert them to PDF format?

For Windows this seems to be the answer:

• Where does Chrome stores offline books downloaded using Amazon-Cloud Extension on Windows 7? - Stack Overflow
• Where is my Ebook that I just bought from Amazon Kindle to my PC? - Ebooks Stack Exchange

For MacOS this seems to be the answer:

• OS X Kindle App: Where are the books located? - Ask Different

But for Linux there doesn't seem to be an answer. :(

My aim is to convert the Kindle ebook to a PDF format (which I much rather prefer) for offline reading on any device. Enough of this proprietary "read through Kindle app only" garbage. I'm on Linux for Heaven's sake!

Update: in ~/.config/google-chrome I have the following:

gabriels:~/.config/google-chrome$ ls
Avatars                       pnacl
BrowserMetrics                Profile 1
BrowserMetrics-active.pma     Profile 2
BrowserMetrics-spare.pma      Safe Browsing
Certificate Revocation Lists  Safe Browsing Channel IDs
CertificateTransparency       Safe Browsing Channel IDs-journal
Consent To Send Stats         Safe Browsing Cookies
Crash Reports                 Safe Browsing Cookies-journal
Dictionaries                  ShaderCache
FileTypePolicies              SingletonCookie
First Run                     SingletonLock
Guest Profile                 SingletonSocket
Local State                   SSLErrorAssistant
NativeMessagingHosts          Subresource Filter
OriginTrials                  System Profile
PepperFlash                   Webstore Downloads

Download the latest version here (currently v9.7): https://www.freefilesync.org/download.php

Building from source is an absolute nightmare (I've spent ~20 hrs on that endeavor...) and just leads to similar problems, so perhaps we can make the binary for Ubuntu 16.04 work instead?

Download the 16.04 binary, extract it, navigate to the folder, and do ./FreeFileSync. I now get this error:

./FreeFileSync: error while loading shared libraries: libpng16.so.16: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

So, I followed these instructions and did:

./configure
make check
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig

Now when I do ./FreeFileSync I get the following errors:

./FreeFileSync: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version `CXXABI_1.3.8' not found (required by ./FreeFileSync)
./FreeFileSync: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.22' not found (required by ./FreeFileSync)
./FreeFileSync: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.20' not found (required by ./FreeFileSync)
./FreeFileSync: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version `GLIBCXX_3.4.21' not found (required by ./FreeFileSync)
./FreeFileSync: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6: version `CXXABI_1.3.9' not found (required by ./FreeFileSync)

How do I get FreeFileSync v9.7 to run in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS?

If you can get it to work by compiling it that's fine, or by installing something else that's fine. I've already compiled GCC from scratch a half dozen times in my attempts, so I just need someone to help guide me here (not in compiling gcc, but in getting FreeFileSync 9.7 to run in Ubuntu 14.04 remember). Ultimately I just don't know how to accomplish this, despite the fact it seems to me like it shouldn't be such a complicated task.

Unfortunately, upgrading my distribution to Ubuntu 16.04LTS is not an option.

I've been doing research for a couple hrs now to solve this problem and have found nothing that works. Ex: this does not work for me: xUbuntu Default desktop Icons do not display?

Here is a screenshot of my Display settings:

Notice that even though I have Home, Filesystem, Trash, and all Removable Devices selected to show up, none of them do. How do I make them show back up again like they used to?

Note: I use nemo as my default file manager; I don't know if that's related. All of this began when my computer went to sleep while it was connected to a network drive, and I woke it back up again. This caused it to freeze, so I logged off then back on, then was forced to restart. See my comment on that under this answer here: https://askubuntu.com/a/764120/327339. Upon restarting, and after many restarts and completely turning it off since then, my default desktop icons remain disappeared.

Also note that even the icons you see on my desktop above do NOT show up when I first boot. They only appear AFTER I open up my nemo file manager at least one time after booting.

This does NOT work either: Xubuntu 16.04 all icons disappeared after update.

Nor does this: https://askubuntu.com/a/302022/327339