kouty's questions

I have installed the distro 20.04 before several months, it was working fine. Before one month I have updated it through the updater, and then, when I rebooted and then, there was a black screen with the choices, Ubuntu, ... and Windows (I have a dual device). To start Ubuntu normally leads to a totally black screen. I can only start Ubuntu advanced options and then in recovery mode. Every few days, I update again but despite that, it is impossible to start the Ubuntu normally. My question is if there is a way to simply repair the system, or it is mandatory to reinstall it with an USB key.

Previously I tried to update and upgrade with the terminal by apt update and apt upgrade, but nothing helps.

I have Ubuntu 18.04 in my PC together with Windows 10. When the WiFi works on Windows and I restart the computer to Ubuntu, the WiFi is OK even in Ubuntu. But when the computer is shuted down and I start with Ubuntu, there is apparently no way to start the WiFi. Can someone help me to make the WiFi available in Ubuntu directly?

I typed inxi -F as recommended in comments and the result is as follows:

System:    Host: kouty-ThinkCentre-M720q Kernel: 5.0.0-37-generic x86_64
           bits: 64
           Desktop: Gnome 3.28.4 Distro: Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS
Machine:   Device: un-determined System: LENOVO product: 10T7004NIV v: ThinkCentre M720q serial: N/A
           Mobo: LENOVO model: 312D v: SDK0J40697 WIN 3305169475212 serial: N/A
           UEFI: LENOVO v: M1UKT47A date: 08/14/2019
CPU:       6 core Intel Core i5-8400T (-MCP-) cache: 9216 KB
           clock speeds: max: 3300 MHz 1: 3200 MHz 2: 3192 MHz 3: 3106 MHz
           4: 3288 MHz 5: 3105 MHz 6: 3105 MHz
Graphics:  Card: Intel Device 3e92
           Display Server: x11 (X.Org 1.20.4 ) driver: i915
           Resolution: [email protected]
           OpenGL: renderer: Mesa DRI Intel UHD Graphics 630 (Coffeelake 3x8 GT2)
           version: 4.5 Mesa 19.0.8
Audio:     Card Intel Cannon Lake PCH cAVS driver: snd_hda_intel
           Sound: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture v: k5.0.0-37-generic
Network:   Card-1: Intel Ethernet Connection (7) I219-V driver: e1000e
           IF: eno1 state: down mac: e8:6a:64:2d:a4:ee
           Card-2: Intel Wireless 8265 / 8275 driver: iwlwifi
           IF: wlp1s0 state: up mac: 50:76:af:56:b2:60
Drives:    HDD Total Size: 256.1GB (3.5% used)
           ID-1: /dev/sda model: SanDisk_SD9TB8W2 size: 256.1GB
Partition: ID-1: / size: 59G used: 8.4G (16%) fs: ext4 dev: /dev/sda5
RAID:      No RAID devices: /proc/mdstat, md_mod kernel module present
Sensors:   System Temperatures: cpu: 46.0C mobo: N/A
           Fan Speeds (in rpm): cpu: N/A
Info:      Processes: 253 Uptime: 2 min Memory: 1248.8/7844.9MB
           Client: Shell (bash) inxi: 2.3.56 

Further I opened the "Show applications" and typed wifi and they say me I have "no wifi adapter found". So I restarted and opened Windows, the wifi started to work. I restarted again and opened Ubuntu and I have a good wifi. If I turn it off, I can "no more connect because "no wifi adapter found". Can someone explain me how I can install the right wifi adapter. I seen a lot of posts here and Ubuntu documentation, and don't know what is the right procedure.

The kernel version is Linux 5.3.0-28-generic I understand that I need some WiFi adapter congruent with Card-2: Intel Wireless 8265 / 8275 driver: iwlwifi

Update following the advise of @pilot6. I typed when the wifi doesn't work

kouty@kouty-ThinkCentre-M720q:~$ lspci -knn | grep Net -A3; rfkill list; dmesg | grep iwl
01:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Wireless 8265 / 8275 [8086:24fd] (rev 78)
    Subsystem: Intel Corporation Dual Band Wireless-AC 8265 [8086:1010]
    Kernel modules: iwlwifi
0: hci0: Bluetooth
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no
[    4.098054] iwlwifi 0000:01:00.0: enabling device (0000 -> 0002)
[    4.191186] iwlwifi: probe of 0000:01:00.0 failed with error -110

I need a keyboard manipulation to switch input language. I know how to switch by clicking on the desktop.

On Windows, we have Alt+Shift.

What is the equivalent?

Recently my PC cannot shutdown (Ubuntu 16.04). Each time I have to turn it off manually using the on/off button on the computer. Restart works fine.

When I try shutting down the usual way, the screen remains blocked as it will shut down in a few seconds. A violet screen with a little Central "ubuntu" word with 5 dots below it, four lit red, one lit white. Running sudo init 0 and sudo shutdown now have the same result.

However, I can restart and open the PC with Windows 7 and then shutdown regularly. What should I do?

As a beginner I initiated python with IDLE: You write a code, than save the file and run with F5.

In the past days I asked how to run scripts. I get good answers as to begin the programm with "#!/path/to/python ". It's good but not for all files e.g. files in /home/myname/Dropbox/programs/python.... are not accessible with this method. And I want to know how to deal with this problem.