The symptoms:

I cannot boot anymore into my Xubuntu 22.04 Linux machine, and here's what happened:

At some point my home directory filesystem went into read-only (most likely as a protective measure, from what I can gather). I then rebooted, thinking it was a one-time glitch, but that is not the case: It failed to boot with journaling errors on my /dev/sdb disk (which is where I have stored my home directory, separate from the OS which is on /dev/sda).

I am able to reboot into my installation USB, and mount both /dev/sda and /dev/sdb. When running fsck, it errors out with:

# fsck /dev/sdb
fsck from util-linux 2.37.2
e2fsck 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block
e2fsck: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks...
e2fsck: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb

The superblock could not be read or does not describe a valid ext2/ext3/ext4
filesystem.  If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2/ext3/ext4
filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock
is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock:
    e2fsck -b 8193 <device>
 or
    e2fsck -b 32768 <device>

Found a gpt partition table in /dev/sdb

I've since backed up my home directory on that drive back to /dev/sda which seems to be working, although with errors transferring some files that I can recreate.

The question:

I'm thinking about trying to repair the /dev/sdb drive using these instructions:

https://askubuntu.com/a/1335193/340383

But it scared me away with this sentence which gave no explanation as to why:

Note: do NOT bad block a SSD

So, in that answer, they mentioned running:

sudo e2fsck -fccky /dev/sdXX # non-destructive read/write test (recommended)

where, in my case, I speculate would need to be:

sudo e2fsck -fccky /dev/sdb1

Is that going to harm my ability to repair this issue with /dev/sdb, or is it is harmless and a true non-destructive test?

Given the answer here:

https://askubuntu.com/a/1233241/340383

and the OP's question where they implied they succeeded in using e2fsck, I'm concluding it is safe to proceed. Is it?

Sub-question:

Also, I do not know what this part of the output of fsck is trying to communicate:

Found a gpt partition table in /dev/sdb

Is that telling me that I'm running fsck incorrectly? I don't want to follow that advice in the output by trying different superblocks until I confirm that this is not just my own user-error.

2023-07-02 09:08:57: Running sudo e2fsck -C0 -p -f -v /dev/sdb1

At comment, I followed the advice of Ubuntu 14.04 is not booting normaly after a manual hard boot via (this was after a unmounting of /dev/sda* and /dev/sdb* drives):

sudo e2fsck -C0 -p -f -v /dev/sdb1

And got:

Inode898044343 extent tree (at level 2) could be narrower.  IGNORED.0.1%
DRIVE8: Inode 103942010 extent tree (at level 2) could be narrower.  IGNORED.
DRIVE8: Inode 103942011 extent tree (at level 2) could be narrower.  IGNORED.
 ... <snip mostly duplicate types of output lines here> ...
DRIVE8: Inode 103942324 extent tree (at level 1) could be narrower.  IGNORED.
Inodes:that=were=part=of=a=corrupted=orphan linked list found.   / 59.7%
DRIVE8: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.
    (i.e., without -a or -p options)

When I use Ctrl+Alt+Print, the clipboard is unaffected. I can verify this by using Ctrl+Shift+Print and can paste it into https://imgur.com/ just fine (Ctrl+Shift+Print does copy to the clipboard, but it requires selecting a region), but if I subsequently use Ctrl+Alt+Print and paste into imgur, it pastes what was in the clipboard already, indicating that Ctrl+Alt+Print is not updating the clipboard at all.

In keyboard shortcuts, for Ctrl+Alt+Print shows this:

That specifically says:

Copy a screenshot of a window to clipboard

Which means to me that it should update the clipboard with the screenshot of the entire window.

It does not.

Is this a bug or is there something that is misconfigured that would cause it to behave in this manner?

I followed the instructions in https://askubuntu.com/a/1029905/340383 using this configuration:

Which seems to be correct, but the Top Bar is still showing on the right monitor (I have a left and right monitor):

Is there a switch or setting that I need to change to make this work the way I think it should?

I do have the chrome-gnome-shell installed via https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/gnome-shell-integration/

as indicated by:

$ sudo apt install chrome-gnome-shell
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
chrome-gnome-shell is already the newest version (10.1-5).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
$ dpkg --list chrome-gnome-shell
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name               Version      Architecture Description
+++-==================-============-============-===================================================
ii  chrome-gnome-shell 10.1-5       all          GNOME Shell extensions integration for web browsers
$ 

Update 1

Here is a screenshot of the Settings/Devices/Displays window showing two NEC 24" monitors. The Top Bar is showing only on the right monitor (the one identified as "1", likely because I used the drag/drop inside that window to move "1" to the right, but not sure that is the root cause of this problem).

Update 2

In response to @pomsky's question, we have this output:

$ gsettings get org.gnome.shell enabled-extensions
['[email protected]', '[email protected]', '[email protected]', 'show-desktop-button@amivaleo', '[email protected]']
$ ls ~/.local/share/gnome-shell/extensions/ 
[email protected]  [email protected]  show-desktop-button@amivaleo
$ 

Update 3

In response to @vanadium's comment, I opened up Gnome Tweaks, and started to do that test, but then got distracted by the icon highlighted with the red ellipse below, and then to the right of it saw that the Hide top bar extension seemed to be disabled.

Hovering the mouse over the icon in the red ellipse just shows "Error loading extension", which is pretty vague.

Update 4

Clicking on one or two of the items inside the Gnome-Tweaks/Extensions view shown above popped up a note about needing to restart Gnome. Why didn't it prompt me for that somewhere when I installed the extension? Or did it and I just didn't see it?:

Update 5

After a reboot, now the Top Bar is successfully unmapping itself until which time I move the cursor up to the top edge of the right-most monitor where it then shows itself.

Update 6

Prior to uninstalling anything as suggested by vanadiums answer, here is a FireFox page screenshot of what I see from https://extensions.gnome.org/local/

This seems to correlate with this command-line result:

$ cd /usr/share/gnome-shell/extensions/
$ ls -1
desktop-icons@csoriano
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
$ cd ~/.local/share/gnome-shell/extensions/
$ ls -1
[email protected]
[email protected]
show-desktop-button@amivaleo
$ 

I suspect the ones under ~/.local/share/gnome-shell/extensions/ came about via the GNOME Shell integration Firefox extension

Update 7

I uninstalled all of the ones I could uninstall, that had X icons to the right of them inside https://extensions.gnome.org/local/ and looked inside Ubuntu Software Center, "Installed" tab (as referenced by https://askubuntu.com/a/1171225/340383), and saw them removed at the very bottom. But then installed just one like this from the command-line:

$ sudo apt install gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 16.3 kB of archives.
After this operation, 91.1 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu eoan/universe amd64 gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar all 20180908-2 [16.3 kB]
Fetched 16.3 kB in 0s (64.0 kB/s)
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
debconf: (Dialog frontend will not work on a dumb terminal, an emacs shell buffer, or without a controlling terminal.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline

Selecting previously unselected package gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar.
(Reading database ... 404735 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar_20180908-2_all.deb ...
Progress: [  0%] [..........................................................................................................................................................................................] Progress: [ 20%] [#####################################.....................................................................................................................................................] Unpacking gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar (20180908-2) ...
Progress: [ 40%] [##########################################################################................................................................................................................] Setting up gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar (20180908-2) ...
Progress: [ 60%] [###############################################################################################################...........................................................................] Progress: [ 80%] [####################################################################################################################################################......................................]

Verified that I had it installed:

$ dpkg --list gnome-shell-extension-\*
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name                                     Version                            Architecture Description
+++-========================================-==================================-============-========================================================
ii  gnome-shell-extension-appindicator       30-1                               all          AppIndicator/KStatusNotifierItem support for GNOME Shell
ii  gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar     20180908-2                         all          GNOME shell automatic topbar hider
un  gnome-shell-extension-caffeine           <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
un  gnome-shell-extension-dash-to-panel      <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
un  gnome-shell-extension-dashtodock         <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
ii  gnome-shell-extension-desktop-icons      19.10.2-1                          all          desktop icon support for GNOME Shell
un  gnome-shell-extension-multi-monitors     <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
un  gnome-shell-extension-pixelsaver         <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
ii  gnome-shell-extension-system76-power     1.2.0~1571861523~19.10~f9f05fb~dev all          Gnome-shell extension for System76 Power Management
un  gnome-shell-extension-taskbar            <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
un  gnome-shell-extension-top-icons-plus     <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
ii  gnome-shell-extension-ubuntu-dock        67ubuntu19.10.1                    all          Ubuntu Dock for GNOME Shell
un  gnome-shell-extension-workspaces-to-dock <none>                             <none>       (no description available)
$ date
Sun 15 Dec 2019 10:05:41 AM PST

But then the Ubuntu Software Center's "Installed" tab did not change (it did change immediately when I uninstalled the package from https://extensions.gnome.org/local/)

The behavior of automatic hiding did not change at all. It is not working at this point. So I suspected this is still the same bug whereby a reboot or GNOME shell restart is required, but they are not sending me a message stating such is required. But in this case, that stands to reason no such message is given, since I used apt install from the command-line which never has, at least for me for many years, notified me of required reboots.

I rebooted, and now the autohiding of the Top Bar is there.

What is most concerning is that the Ubuntu Software Center's "Installed" tab still does not show it, even though I've installed it via apt install, but that is a separate issue.

(See the end of the question for details on versions of things I'm running).

How do I ensure that windows open up below the Gnome Top Bar such that the Top Bar does not obscure the edge of the window?

I discovered this odd behavior when playing with notify-send as follows:

notify-send -u critical xxx $'yyy\nThis is a test'

I am using -u critical to force Gnome (or whatever) to not unmap the notification window to give me time to grab a screenshot using Pscr key. That screenshot is:

Invoking dconf-editor causes it to be mapped underneath (in z-order terms) the Top Bar window, leading to a bad situation like this whereby I cannot even close the window because the icon is obscured to the point where I cannot even click on it using the mouse:

I tried to manually close this window by using the Windows key to get to the icon, but it shows that the icon is not there for the dconf-editor in that view either (why? it is for my other top-level application windows, so what makes this one so special?), so I cannot even close it:

So I have to resort to killing the process from the command line using the kill command.

Perhaps the solution to Hide GNOME top bar in activities would solve, or workaround, this problem, by simply automatically hiding the window, but the answers to that question were inconclusive at the time of this writing (2019-12-13). And also How to enable Hide Top Bar Gnome Extension so that it hides the Top Bar? shows that I ran into difficulty getting that Gnome extension to work.

This seems similar to the old issue impacting Unity at How to adjust window placement in Unity, Ubuntu 14.04 based on overlapping top bar but this is specific to Gnome, so I concluded that question was irrelevant.

I'm using Ubuntu 19.10 running Gnome 3.34.1 (whatever Ubuntu uses by default):

Update 1

This is a dual monitor setup. Details of the setup are in the subsequently filed question: How to enable Hide Top Bar Gnome Extension so that it hides the Top Bar?

Update 2

Here is a screenshot of the Settings/Devices/Displays window showing two NEC 24" monitors.

Update 3

I did the following:

1. Uninstalled all GNOME Shell extensions via Update 7 inside How to enable Hide Top Bar Gnome Extension so that it hides the Top Bar?
2. Uninstalled Ubuntu packages for GNOME shells via commands like sudo apt remove gnome-shell-extension-autohidetopbar
3. Rebooting as seemingly required by my discovery in https://askubuntu.com/a/1196222/340383 (which I still do not agree with should be required).

I now retested the notification above via:

notify-send -u critical xxx $'yyy\nThis is a test' 

And now I see that the notification window is mapped below (in the y direction) the Top Bar on the right monitor which is what I was needing in the first place:

Now, this isn't an answer because it doesn't explain why this is now working. I can speculate that vanadium's answer over on https://askubuntu.com/a/1196304/340383 was actually "spot on" in the sense that it forced me to wipe clean any and all GNOME extensions installed via the the GNOME Shell integration Firefox extension as referenced in Update 6 in How to enable Hide Top Bar Gnome Extension so that it hides the Top Bar? (whew!).

(I am not looking for answers such as "Stop using VNC as it is insecure", nor do I need answers recommending different VNC implementations, as I'm specifically wanting to get TigerVNC to function properly).

I need to display and control a Ubuntu 18.10 desktop from an Ubuntu 18.10 laptop, using TigerVNC. Both machines have been upgraded to 18.10 recently.

I have enabled desktop sharing on the desktop via the instructions in https://askubuntu.com/a/1088328 with with this exception: When I have not executed the following command:

gsettings set org.gnome.Vino require-encryption false

it does not work (see below). But when I do use that gsettings command on the desktop, then I to get a prompt for the vnc password, and upon typing it in, I'm able to control the desktop. So ultimately, I know that must be the fix, but I specifically need to know why that would be required (see remmina usage below). None of my web searches have provided an answer of why.

On the desktop machine, the Sharing settings are:

Note: I can successfully use the remmina tool, using the VNC setting, to connect to the desktop machine and display it, without using the above gsettings setting on the desktop machine. But, when I use the TigerVNC type of vncviewer using this command:

vncviewer thedesk.local:0

(where thedesk.local is the Ubuntu desktop machine), I get a popup with:

No matching security types

And the output into the shell shows:

$ vncviewer thedesk.local:0

TigerVNC Viewer 64-bit v1.9.0
Built on: 2018-07-29 13:31
Copyright (C) 1999-2018 TigerVNC Team and many others (see README.rst)
See http://www.tigervnc.org for information on TigerVNC.

Sun May 26 07:10:29 2019
 DecodeManager: Detected 8 CPU core(s)
 DecodeManager: Creating 4 decoder thread(s)

Sun May 26 07:10:30 2019
 CConn:       connected to host thedesk.local port 5900

Sun May 26 07:10:31 2019
 CConnection: Server supports RFB protocol version 3.7
 CConnection: Using RFB protocol version 3.7
 CConnection: No matching security types
 CConn:       No matching security types

On both the Ubuntu 18.10 laptop and the desktop machines, I have these installed versions of vnc-like packages, apt remove-ing all other flavors of "vnc" clients/servers to avoid confusion with the Linux "alternatives" mechanism:

$ dpkg --list *vnc* | grep '^i'
ii  libvncclient1:amd64                            0.9.11+dfsg-1.1ubuntu0.1     amd64                        API to write one's own VNC server - client library
ii  remmina-plugin-vnc:amd64                       1.2.31.4+dfsg-1ubuntu1       amd64                        VNC plugin for Remmina
ii  tigervnc-common                                1.9.0+dfsg-1                 amd64                        Virtual network computing; Common software needed by servers
ii  tigervnc-standalone-server                     1.9.0+dfsg-1                 amd64                        Standalone virtual network computing server
ii  tigervnc-viewer                                1.9.0+dfsg-1                 amd64                        Virtual network computing client for X
$ vncviewer --version |& head -5

TigerVNC Viewer 64-bit v1.9.0
Built on: 2018-07-29 13:31
Copyright (C) 1999-2018 TigerVNC Team and many others (see README.rst)
See http://www.tigervnc.org for information on TigerVNC.
$ 

remmina --version pops up with a dialog that reads:

1.2.31.4 (git n/a)

The reason remmina is involved is just to show that some client is able to talk to the Ubuntu desktop, just not TigerVNC. I've tried connecting to thedesk.local from a Raspberry Pi 3 B+ running Raspbian and got a different error, but still seemingly involving a similar incompatibility with security protocols between VNC implementations. The error is:

So, what is remmina providing to the X server (or VNC server?) running on display :0 on thedesk.local, that the TigerVNC viewer client (or that RealVNC client running under Raspbian) is not providing?

My web searches turn up results such as https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2384046 which give "Why don't you do 'X' instead?" type of responses, which is a fair observation. But I specifically want to find out why I would have to use the gsettings change just to get TigerVNC viewer to popup the prompt, while remmina does not require it. (When I need to have security, I know how to tunnel traffic over SSH already.)

Is there a way to invoke the Activities view of GNOME from the Linux command line? This is what the Super key invokes from GNOME. Once it is shown, I can interact with it as usual using the mouse.

I'm using Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.

The reason I'm asking: I'm viewing the desktop that I need to "send" the Super key into via a TeamViewer session. TeamViewer has a way to send CTRL-ALT-DELETE, but that of course is for Windows remotes, but this is pure Ubuntu-to-Ubuntu here. Even if TeamViewer was not involved, and I was using VNC, I would have the same problem.

Firefox’s :screenshot command claims that you can do this:

Once you’re in the Web Console, you can type :sc and then hit Tab to autocomplete :screenshot.

On my version of Firefox, 61.0.1, running on Ubuntu 18.04, It shows this when I attempt it Ctrl+Shiftt+k I see:

I do see the icon in the upper right corner, so then why isn't the command working? Did they remove it?

What do I need to do in order to enable FireFox Screenshots in my version of Firefox, so that I do not have to use the Shift+F2 command line to generate a full page screenshot?

The dropdown on my version of Firefox shows:

According to a comment on another post, I should be able to enable the Firefox Screenshots button, but when I go to about:config and type in about:config extensions.screenshots I see that is should be active:

I am able to use Shift+F2 and type

screenshot ~/foo.png --fullpage

as a workaround, but that is cumbersome for a operation I plan to use frequently, that is, once it is working.

Update: The Customize... area does not show anything obvious that I can use to drag and drop:

I used the GNOME extension at Gnome shell "show desktop" shortcut and now see too many desktop buttons. I think I might have tried to install it multiple times, apparently/maybe due to "nothing happening" each time I did so, until I realized later that it will not give any indication it actually installed something. Now I'm left with multiple "buttons" on the Panel next to the Activities navigation link:

This is under Ubuntu 17.10.

How do I remove all of them except for only one?

I do know about the ctrl+alt+d binding but I tend to disable the bindings in the settings, as I need to have all of the Ctrl and Alt key bindings reserved for specific application windows and not "gobbled up" by the X window manager.

I have an external keyboard that I use with my Ubuntu 17.10 desktop and laptop at home, and the same species of keyboard on my RHEL 6.8 machines at work. But on my Ubuntu 17.10 laptop, I use the built-in keyboard most of the time, but other times I need to connect the previously mentioned external keyboard to it. So, I need the behavior of the capslock and control keys to work the same for both built-in and external keyboards.

This external keyboard has its customized firmware that, among many other things, swaps the left capslock and left control keys.

The behavior I am looking for is this:

1. When the external keyboard is unplugged, swap the caps lock and control keys, since the built-in keyboard is in use.
2. When I connect the external keyboard, I want to stop swapping the capslock and control keys because the keyboard does this already.
3. I want this behavior under all of the following conditions:
   1. When I login using Gnome under Ubuntu 17.10
   2. When I login using Gnome under RHEL 6.8
   3. When I use the non-X terminal (console).
4. I want to do this all from scripts I can control from my own home directory, and not have to install special packages under the root user as I need for it to work under both RHEL and Ubuntu (the latter I can control, but not the former, in terms of package installation and configuration).

What I have now is mostly working: I have a script run from Startup Applications that detects the keyboard and runs xmodmap. But it is a hack because something in Gnome or Xlib or Xorg or whatever is also fiddling with the keyboard's capslock and control key behavior, such that I have to have a sleep 5 right before the call to xmodmap to give Gnome/whatever time to finish its "fiddling" so that my call to xmodmap "wins". This is also a hack because it doesn't deal with unplugging and plugging in the keyboard. It should just do this based upon which type of keyboard is connected, not based upon logging in or out, locking or unlocking, or only at Linux startup. Also I had to have some setup that detects lock and unlocking of the desktop as well as then Gnome/whatever tries again to reset the keyboard upon unlock.

Is this possible to do?

When I need to take a screenshot using gnome-screenshot, it is disabling the delay when I use "Select area to grab".

Is there any way to fix this defect? Is it a defect or is it by design, and if so, why?

I recently upgraded from Ubuntu 17.04 to 17.10 on a laptop (my desktop does not have this problem and it is also Ubuntu 17.10). After that upgrade, when I use the shutter app, and edit the images, the images are really quite bad. I've tried uninstalling and reinstalling shutter and it does not fix it.

I am able to create screenshots from Gimp just fine without fuzzy/bad/aliased images.

Here is an example of a clean screenshot taken by Gimp:

Compare that with the one taken by shutter:

I have removed the shutter package and reinstalled it and it has no effect.

I've seen responses to other questions describing switching back to Xorg but I don't want to do that as that seems like squashing a gnat with a sledge hammer and might cause more problems elsewhere.

Current installed version is:

drunkard@thebar:~$ apt-cache --no-all-versions show shutter
Package: shutter
Architecture: all
Version: 0.93.1-2
Priority: optional
Section: universe/graphics
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]>
Original-Maintainer: Debian Perl Group <[email protected]>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 17228
Depends: libgtk2-perl, libglib-perl, libgnome2-perl, libgnome2-vfs-perl, libgnome2-wnck-perl, libgnome2-gconf-perl, liblocale-gettext-perl, libxml-simple-perl, libwww-mechanize-perl, libwww-perl, perlmagick, libx11-protocol-perl, librsvg2-common, libfile-basedir-perl, libfile-copy-recursive-perl, libproc-simple-perl, libfile-which-perl, libsort-naturally-perl, libgtk2-imageview-perl, libnet-dbus-perl, libgnome2-canvas-perl, imagemagick, libgtk2-unique-perl, libproc-processtable-perl, procps, xdg-utils, libpath-class-perl, libjson-perl, libjson-xs-perl, libnet-dropbox-api-perl, libx11-protocol-other-perl
Recommends: libgoo-canvas-perl, libgtk2-appindicator-perl
Suggests: gnome-web-photo, nautilus-sendto, libimage-exiftool-perl, libnet-dbus-glib-perl
Filename: pool/universe/s/shutter/shutter_0.93.1-2_all.deb
Size: 1579014
MD5sum: 236e5226ae05102a5abb381e0e371e06
SHA1: 4c1f97e9fa51adb4f732634d1dc0b8ce9e94c0c3
SHA256: 324ee3babb27725522e5133eb8756439ad792561fb8edbd0cab50cdd6688fcde
Homepage: http://shutter-project.org/
Description-en: feature-rich screenshot program
 Shutter is a feature-rich screenshot program. You can take a
 screenshot of a specific area, window, your whole screen, or even of
 a website - apply different effects to it, draw on it to highlight
 points, and then upload to an image hosting site, all within one
 window.
 .
 Features:
    * take a screenshot of your complete desktop, a rectangular area
      or capture a website
    * take screenshot directly or with a specified delay time
    * save the screenshots to a specified directory and name them in a
      convenient way (using special wild-cards)
    * Shutter is fully integrated into the GNOME Desktop (TrayIcon etc.)
    * generate thumbnails directly when you are taking a screenshot
      and set a size level in %
    * Shutter session collection
          o keep track of all screenshots during session
          o copy screeners to clipboard
          o print screenshots
          o delete screenshots
          o rename your file
    * upload your files directly to Image-Hosters (e.g. imgur.com), retrieve
      all the needed links and share them with others
    * edit your screenshots directly using the embedded drawing tool
Description-md5: eb41c72ded4c1e3d870a360edd74625e

I am able to use gnome-screenshot but I want to be able to edit the subsequent screenshot with arrows and text and that does not allow me to easily/quickly/efficiently do so (e.g., I have to repeatedly waste time opening the screenshot up in Inkscape with a lot of wasted motion).

An upgrade to Ubuntu 17.10 caused a change from Unity to GNOME 3 which means there are some things to customize. I would like to have the window switching binding (by default this is Super+Tab and Alt+Tab) show the window title, as it did in Unity. Currently, vncviewer and rdesktop windows only shows a non-descriptive word under the icon when the Alt+Tab key combination is used (and held down):

Specifically, the second and third icon from the left only show "Vncviewer" and "rdesktop", respectively. Is there any GNOME 3 extension or other configuration (gsettings or dconf) that enable the title?

I want to project, in real-time, both audio and video from the Ubuntu desktop directly to my Roku Ultra so that it then projects it onto the TV and soundsystem already configured. This is primarily audio/video playback from a web browser such as Chrome or Firefox, but not limited to that (but I would be ok with it being limited to the Chrome browser). How can I do this?

I do not want to buy Chromecast as the answers at How can I use Chromecast? talk about low level details such as iptables which seems rather difficult. Cost is not the issue; I would buy the Chromecast device in a heartbeat if it wasn't for the perceived difficulties of configuration with Ubuntu that seems would occur.

The other reason is that I already have a Roku Ultra hooked up and working with my TV and sound system and it will complicate things to add yet another HDMI input into the setup.

Reference unanswered Screencast to a TV through a Roku question. But that question was old and this applies to Ubuntu 17.04 64bit.

Reference minimum system requirements for Chromecast for Linux: https://support.google.com/chromecast/answer/3209990 (basically mileage may vary depending upon Linux installation).

I am trying to get Firefox 56.0 on Ubuntu 17.04 and 17.10 to play sound in videos in Facebook (not even sure it is specific to Facebook). I have isolated the problem down to pulseaudio not getting started when I play a video, or just not started at all. But if I execute pulseaudio from the command line, and then play the video from within Facebook, I get sound.

What is confusing me is trying to figure out what I should expect as to exactly when this pulseaudio UNIX process is supposed to be started.

1. At boot time?
2. At X11 startup time prior to user login?
3. At user login (the "greeter" thing; GDM or whatever)?
4. By Firefox when it executes code in some shared library that then demands that pulseaudio be started

https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/Running/ implies to me that it should be at user login time.

/etc/xdg/autostart is a directory that contains information about session services that graphical session managers should start automatically on user login. PulseAudio ships its own file there. pulseaudio.desktop tells the session manager to run start-pulseaudio-x11, which is a script that loads a few X11 related modules (and on KDE also module-device-manager, which is required by KDE's audio routing configuration tools). start-pulseaudio-x11 is usually the first thing that requires a running PulseAudio server, so usually the server gets started when the session manager runs start-pulseaudio-x11 in the beginning of the login session.

If autospawning is disabled, start-pulseaudio-x11 doesn't have effect, because start-pulseaudio-x11 doesn't start the server explicitly. It relies on autospawning when it loads the X11 modules. In this sense the script name is misleading. The start-pulseaudio-x11 script used to start the server explicitly in the past, which explains the script name.

Commands I've done recently to ensure I am starting from a good baseline, per instructions at http://support.system76.com/articles/audio/ (was done for different reasons, as the front audio connector in my machine was not working and doing the following fixed it):

rm -r ~/.config/pulse
sudo apt install --reinstall alsa-base alsa-utils pulseaudio linux-sound-base libasound2

I am not at the moment thinking that the missing ~/.config/pulse directory is the culprit, but is it?

dmesg | grep pulse

shows nothing, so it is as if something is not even executing the right script at the right time.

What do I need to change to get this enabled? I don't want to manually invoke pulseaudio each time I run firefox (I can kludge something up script-wise, but I don't wanna).

I conclude that autospawn is enabled since it is commented out (assuming commented out means the thing being commented out IS the program's default):

drunkard@norehab:~$ ps -ef --forest --cols=10000 | grep pulse
drunkard    3448  2721  0 14:25 pts/0    00:00:00  |               \_ grep pulse
drunkard@norehab:~$ ls -ld ~/.config/pulse
ls: cannot access '/home/drunkard/.config/pulse': No such file or directory
drunkard@norehab:~$ ls -ld /etc/xdg/autostart/pulseaudio-kde.desktop
ls: cannot access '/etc/xdg/autostart/pulseaudio-kde.desktop': No such file or directory
drunkard@norehab:~$ ls -ld /etc/xdg/autostart/pulseaudio*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4836 Mar 29  2017 /etc/xdg/autostart/pulseaudio.desktop
drunkard@norehab:~$ grep auto /etc/pulse/client.conf
; autospawn = yes
; auto-connect-localhost = no
; auto-connect-display = no
drunkard@norehab:~$ 

UPDATE #1

I tried this:

cp -p /etc/pulse/client.conf ~/.config/pulse/client.conf

And rebooted and it is still not automatically starting.

UPDATE #2

The following proves to me that /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11 is NOT getting executed at all:

I saved off /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11:

drunkard@norehab:~$ sudo cp -p /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11 /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11.orig

Then added a line at the end that simply writes out the curent timestamp to a log file in /tmp/start-pulseaudio-x11.log:

drunkard@norehab:~$ sudo sh -c 'echo "date >> /tmp/start-pulseaudio-x11.log" >> /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11'
drunkard@norehab:~$ tail /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11

    if [ x"$KDE_FULL_SESSION" = x"true" ]; then
       /usr/bin/pactl load-module module-device-manager "do_routing=1" > /dev/null
    fi

    if [ x"$SESSION_MANAGER" != x ] ; then
      /usr/bin/pactl load-module module-x11-xsmp "display=$DISPLAY session_manager=$SESSION_MANAGER" > /dev/null
    fi
fi
date >> /tmp/start-pulseaudio-x11.log
drunkard@norehab:~$

Then reboot and logged in and found that the /tmp/start-pulseaudio-x11.log was non-existent.

So whatever is supposed to invoke /usr/bin/start-pulseaudio-x11 before or after login is not doing so.

UPDATE #3

This is still broken in Ubuntu 17.10. but the comment clued me in that my workaround can use systemctl instead of direct execution.

But I say this is still broken because why is sound not enabled for all users that are using desktops? I mean, under no circumstances that I can think of would I ever NOT want to hear sound from videos played from any browsers. Whatever sound daemon (pulseaudio in this case but it doesn't matter) should be default to "enabled" for desktop users. Not so for server installations, but that is not the case here.

My goal is to be able to take a screenshot of all menus, regardless of tooltip or X window grabbing pull down menus, including the sprocket menu in Ubuntu, e.g., like this, and annotate them in another drawing tool such as Shutter:

And the way I do this outside of Shutter (because it actually will not grab that menu, even though it is advertising that it does), is use xwd to grab the whole root window, convert it to a PNG file, load it into Shutter and then crop it down. Very time-wasting effort to do this, but it has been working so far until recently.

On Ubuntu:

drunkard@norehab:~$ lsb_release -r -i
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Release:    17.04

I take a full screenshot using xwd:

drunkard@norehab:~$ xwd -root -out /tmp/xwd.tmp.6821
drunkard@norehab:~$ file /tmp/xwd.tmp.6821
/tmp/xwd.tmp.6821: XWD X Window Dump image data, "xwdump", 3840x1215x24

I encountered the error during conversion from XWD to PNG format:

drunkard@norehab:~$ convert /tmp/xwd.tmp.6821 /home/drunkard/screenshot.2017-10-07.08-13-55.PDT.png
convert-im6.q16: no decode delegate for this image format `6821' @ error/constitute.c/ReadImage/504.
convert-im6.q16: no images defined `/home/drunkard/screenshot.2017-10-07.08-13-55.PDT.png' @ error/convert.c/ConvertImageCommand/3258.

I have this version of identify:

drunkard@norehab:~$ file /usr/bin/identify
/usr/bin/identify: symbolic link to /etc/alternatives/identify
drunkard@norehab:~$ readlink -f /etc/alternatives/identify
/usr/bin/identify-im6.q16
drunkard@norehab:~$ apt-file search /usr/bin/identify-im6.q16
imagemagick-6.q16: /usr/bin/identify-im6.q16
imagemagick-6.q16hdri: /usr/bin/identify-im6.q16hdri
drunkard@norehab:~$ dpkg --listfiles imagemagick-6.q16 | grep identify
/usr/bin/identify-im6.q16
/usr/share/man/man1/identify-im6.q16.1.gz
drunkard@norehab:~$ apt-cache --no-all-versions show imagemagick-6.q16 
Package: imagemagick-6.q16
Architecture: amd64
Version: 8:6.9.7.4+dfsg-3ubuntu1.2
Multi-Arch: foreign
Priority: optional
Section: graphics
Source: imagemagick
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]>
Original-Maintainer: ImageMagick Packaging Team <[email protected]>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 644
Provides: imagemagick, imagemagick-6.defaultquantum
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.4), libmagickcore-6.q16-3 (>= 8:6.9.6.8), libmagickwand-6.q16-3 (>= 8:6.9.6.8), hicolor-icon-theme
Recommends: libmagickcore-6.q16-3-extra, ghostscript, netpbm
Suggests: imagemagick-doc, autotrace, cups-bsd | lpr | lprng, curl, enscript, ffmpeg, gimp, gnuplot, grads, graphviz, groff-base, hp2xx, html2ps, libwmf-bin, mplayer, povray, radiance, sane-utils, texlive-base-bin, transfig, ufraw-batch, xdg-utils
Breaks: libmagickcore-dev (<< 8:6.9.2.10+dfsg-2~)
Replaces: imagemagick (<< 8:6.9.2.10+dfsg-2~)
Filename: pool/main/i/imagemagick/imagemagick-6.q16_6.9.7.4+dfsg-3ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb
Size: 423848
MD5sum: 6f06b63767fb5e32d967e4395d4e4f98
SHA1: ba0b8af93fed0e9d1efabe56e79387f1bc4944e5
SHA256: 84ffd5f3eb1c8bdc11955c581fc98f1c1bb37eb40609ef6997c8675f1dfd29d0
Homepage: http://www.imagemagick.org/
Description-en: image manipulation programs -- quantum depth Q16
 ImageMagick is a software suite to create, edit, and compose bitmap images.
 It can read, convert and write images in a variety of formats (over 100)
 including DPX, EXR, GIF, JPEG, JPEG-2000, PDF, PhotoCD, PNG, Postscript,
 SVG, and TIFF. Use ImageMagick to translate, flip, mirror, rotate, scale,
 shear and transform images, adjust image colors, apply various special
 effects, or draw text, lines, polygons, ellipses and Bézier curves.
 All manipulations can be achieved through shell commands as well as through
 an X11 graphical interface (display).
 .
 For working with the SVG, WMF, OpenEXR, DjVu and Graphviz formats,
 you need to install the libmagickcore-6.q16-3-extra package.
 .
 This version of imagemagick is compiled for a channel
 depth of 16 bits (Q16).
Description-md5: e40daf0bbbffd2b9ac49e04c8c3480fe
Task: ubuntu-desktop, ubuntu-usb, print-server, kubuntu-desktop, edubuntu-desktop, edubuntu-usb, xubuntu-core, xubuntu-desktop, mythbuntu-desktop, lubuntu-desktop-share, lubuntu-gtk-desktop, lubuntu-desktop, lubuntu-qt-desktop, ubuntustudio-desktop-core, ubuntustudio-desktop, ubuntu-gnome-desktop, ubuntukylin-desktop, ubuntu-mate-core, ubuntu-mate-desktop, ubuntu-budgie-desktop
Supported: 9m

N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it

But identify can't identify it:

drunkard@norehab:~$ identify /tmp/xwd.tmp.6821
identify-im6.q16: no decode delegate for this image format `6821' @ error/constitute.c/ReadImage/504.

This used to work.

I am able to print from Inkscape to my CUPS-configured network printer just fine. I would like to do the same directly from the shell command line as given by the https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/12002/21372 answer. But when I try that on my Ubuntu system, after I convert the SVG files to either PDF or Postscript using Inkscape, sending it to lpr gives the error shown below on the front panel of the printer (a Xerox 6180MFP):

Commands I'm trying to use are:

inkscape --without-gui --export-pdf=test_file.pdf test_file.svg
pdftops test_file.pdf test_file.ps
lpr -P Xerox-6180MFP-D -l test_file.ps

What do I need to do to my CUPS configuration to enable it? What is Inkscape doing behind the scenes to successfully print to the printer, that I am unable to do from the lpr command line?

For reference, here is a gist of my current CUPS configuration file: https://gist.github.com/bgoodr/6f8b47df40244fed6290a6a199e72c52

Output of lpstat -t:

scheduler is running
no system default destination
device for Xerox-6180MFP-D: socket://192.168.1.20
device for Xerox-6180MFP-D/double-sided: socket://192.168.1.20
device for Xerox-6180MFP-D/single-sided: socket://192.168.1.20
Xerox-6180MFP-D accepting requests since Sat 04 Mar 2017 05:36:44 PM PST
Xerox-6180MFP-D/double-sided accepting requests since Sat 04 Mar 2017 05:36:44 PM PST
Xerox-6180MFP-D/single-sided accepting requests since Sat 04 Mar 2017 05:36:44 PM PST
printer Xerox-6180MFP-D is idle.  enabled since Sat 04 Mar 2017 05:36:44 PM PST
printer Xerox-6180MFP-D/double-sided is idle.  enabled since Sat 04 Mar 2017 05:36:44 PM PST
printer Xerox-6180MFP-D/single-sided is idle.  enabled since Sat 04 Mar 2017 05:36:44 PM PST

Screenshot of my printer page at http://localhost:631/printers/Xerox-6180MFP-D

EDIT #1

In response to a comment at How to print PDF or Postscript files to printer directly from the command line :

Here is the script I used to run lpr both with and without the -l option (shown below without it):

cd /tmp
qrencode -v 1 -t svg -o some_small_text.qrcode.svg -l L "some small text"
inkscape --without-gui --export-pdf=some_small_text.qrcode.pdf some_small_text.qrcode.svg
# setsid evince some_small_text.qrcode.pdf >/dev/null 2>&1 &
pdftops some_small_text.qrcode.pdf some_small_text.qrcode.ps
lpr -P Xerox-6180MFP-D some_small_text.qrcode.ps

Here is a gist of the Postscript file generated from the above call to qrencode:

https://gist.github.com/bgoodr/8411fe6815522490857765e3c28eaad8

The "Load Tray" error leads me to believe I have to specify some more things to the lpr command, or modify some of the options. Somehow Inkscape is able to communicate its needs from the print dialog it requires me to interact with, and it is that I desire to replicate from the lpr command line.

EDIT #2

I ran lpr without options and got:

$ echo stuff | lpr
lpr: Error - no default destination available.

EDIT #3

I have partially solved the riddle of where the "Load Tray 1(MPT) ... 76x127mm" error on the front panel of the printer is coming from. When I opened up the Inkscape GUI, and examined the properties on the .svg file generated by the qrencode command shown above, I see:

Notice the width and height. When I tried to print that using the GUI, I got the same "Load Tray 1(MPT) ... 76x127mm" error! So, I then selected "US Letter" from the Page Size section, and then attempted to print it to the printer, and it worked without a hitch.

So, apparently what is happening is that the printer is seeing this small (in width and height) postscript file and assuming it needs to select a 3 x 5 inch envelope tray. I reason that from looking at page 69 from http://download.support.xerox.com/pub/docs/6180MFP/userdocs/any-os/en/user_guide_en.pdf which has:

So I am a bit closer to the answer to my original question. I just now need a way to be able to choose the Paper Source or change the size from the command line. I've looked at the inkscape man page, and it is not obvious which options are the ones I should play with. Or perhaps this is an imagemagick/convert type of operation.

I am using Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS. Executing python -V returns Python 2.7.12. I am building a virtualenv off of that so as to install the Selenium package into it via:

pip install -upgrade selenium

But when doing a trial run with the following python script:

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://seleniumhq.org/')

it results this error:

 Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "/home/myuser/bin/selenium-experiment.py", line 2, in <module>
     browser = webdriver.Firefox()
   File "/home/myuser/python_virtualenv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py", line 135, in __init__
     self.service.start()
   File "/home/myuser/python_virtualenv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py", line 71, in start
     os.path.basename(self.path), self.start_error_message)
 selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: 'geckodriver' executable needs to be in PATH. 

 Exception AttributeError: "'Service' object has no attribute 'process'" in <bound method Service.__del__ of <selenium.webdriver.firefox.service.Service object at 0x7f782c1caa50>> ignored

Since geckodriver is an executable, I concluded that it should be provided by the installation of the selenium package via pip or at least error out with some message stating what I need to do next. Apparently not, so I dug further: I thought that perhaps Ubuntu should have a package that provides the geckodriver executable so I used apt-file search geckodriver to search for it and found no results.

Where do I get this geckodriver executable?

I was offered an upgrade to 16.04. During the upgrade, I saw this:

I can kinda see why Expect and w3m are being dropped, but why Gimp?

More importantly, how to do I find pre-built packages that I can install via apt-get or the Ubuntu Software Center (but they are dropping the "Center" part of that).

What does "the community" mean?

I want to find the GNOME configuration item of the program (built into GNOME or something installed into it) is consuming Ctrl+Shift+2 such that it is not "seen" by other X programs such as Firefox.

I have tried this experiment on two different laptops, of different manufacturers, one running GNOME under Ubuntu 14.10 and the other running under Debian Testing. However, this does work on my desktop machine that is not using GNOME at all (runs StumpWM):

1. Run the xev program.
2. Move your mouse cursor into the xev window.
3. Type Ctrl+Shift+1
4. Type Ctrl+Shift+2
5. Type Ctrl+Shift+3

Notice that you see no output for when you press or release the "2" above, but you do see output for "1" and "3".

Executing:

gsettings list-recursively | grep -i -e shift

Results in nothing specifically for "2":

org.gnome.mutter.keybindings toggle-recording ['<Control><Shift><Alt>r']
org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys area-screenshot '<Shift>Print'
org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys area-screenshot-clip '<Ctrl><Shift>Print'
org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings move-to-workspace-down ['<Control><Shift><Alt>Down']
org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings move-to-workspace-left ['<Control><Shift><Alt>Left']
org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings move-to-workspace-right ['<Control><Shift><Alt>Right']
org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings move-to-workspace-up ['<Control><Shift><Alt>Up']

Does anyone know what is consuming that key binding? Any ideas on how to debug this further, ideally through specially crafted Google search versus a ritual involving massive download, and recursive grepping through, GNOME source code?