Sybil's questions

I love to the idea of fwupd. But it's not working on both Ubuntu machines (Rasperry PI 5 and MacBook Air 2014).

I always get this error (all commands return the same error, fwupdmgr get-devices and fwupdmgr update and fwupdmgr refresh)

WARNING: UEFI capsule updates not available or enabled in firmware setup  
See https://github.com/fwupd/fwupd/wiki/PluginFlag:capsules-unsupported for more information.  
Metadata is up to date; use --force to refresh again.  
WARNING: UEFI capsule updates not available or enabled in firmware setup  
See https://github.com/fwupd/fwupd/wiki/PluginFlag:capsules-unsupported for more information.  
No updatable devices

How-To enable fwupd on those devices? The GitHub wiki link in error message did not help. Is my hardware not compatible?

Every apt upgrade show this error/warning message

- Scanning processes...
Scanning candidates...
Scanning processor microcode...
Scanning linux images...

Running kernel seems to be up-to-date.

Failed to check for processor microcode upgrades.

Restarting services...
 systemctl restart udisks2.service

No containers need to be restarted.

No user sessions are running outdated binaries.

No VM guests are running outdated hypervisor (qemu) binaries on this host.

It seems qemu not installed on my system

# dpkg -l | grep -i qemu

# find / -name "*qemu*"
/usr/src/linux-raspi-headers-5.15.0-1008/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-test-1-run-qemu.sh
/usr/src/linux-raspi-headers-5.15.0-1008/tools/testing/selftests/wireguard/qemu
/usr/src/linux-raspi-headers-5.15.0-1008/include/uapi/linux/qemu_fw_cfg.h
/usr/src/linux-raspi-headers-5.15.0-1006/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-test-1-run-qemu.sh
/usr/src/linux-raspi-headers-5.15.0-1006/tools/testing/selftests/wireguard/qemu
/usr/src/linux-raspi-headers-5.15.0-1006/include/uapi/linux/qemu_fw_cfg.h
/usr/include/linux/qemu_fw_cfg.h
/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/qemu
/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/qemu-kvm
/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/qemu-system-i386
/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/qemu-system-x86_64
/usr/share/mime/application/x-qemu-disk.xml

uname -a
Linux swgrrege3 5.15.0-1008-raspi #8-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT Thu May 19 11:58:51 UTC 2022 aarch64 aarch64 aarch64 GNU/Linux

How to solve / get rid of the warning:

No VM guests are running outdated hypervisor (qemu) binaries on this host.

I wish to upgrade my Raspberry to Jammy Jellyfish. It was released yesterday and announced in news.

But on my machine it still shows that's beta release!

# cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=21.10
DISTRIB_CODENAME=impish
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 21.10"


# do-release-upgrade
Checking for a new Ubuntu release
No new release found.

# do-release-upgrade -p -m server
Checking for a new Ubuntu release
No new release found.

# do-release-upgrade -c -m server
Checking for a new Ubuntu release
No new release found.

# do-release-upgrade -c -m server --allow-third-party
Checking for a new Ubuntu release
No new release found.

# date
Sat Apr 23 07:49:28 CEST 2022

# do-release-upgrade -d
Checking for a new Ubuntu release

= Welcome to the Ubuntu 'Jammy Jellyfish' development release =

''This release is still in development.''

Thanks for your interest in this development release of Ubuntu.
The Ubuntu developers are moving very quickly to bring you the
absolute latest and greatest software the Open Source Community has to
offer. This development release brings you a taste of the newest features
for the next version of Ubuntu.

== Testing ==

Please help to test this development snapshot and report problems back to the
developers.  For more information about testing Ubuntu, please read:

  http://www.ubuntu.com/testing


== Reporting Bugs ==

This development release of Ubuntu contains bugs. If you want to help
out with bugs, the Bug Squad is always looking for help. Please read the
following information about reporting bugs

Is this some raspberry specific bug?

I did

apt update && apt upgrade && apt dist-upgrade && apt autoremove && apt install update-manager-core

I have the latest Ubuntu installed on Raspberry. During an apt update I was very surprised that the communication is not encrypted.

Why is http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports used and not https://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports? Is this still up to date?

# cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=21.10
DISTRIB_CODENAME=impish
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 21.10"

# uname -a
Linux b96eebccc368 5.13.0-1022-raspi #24-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT Wed Mar 16 07:19:33 UTC 2022 aarch64 aarch64 aarch64 GNU/Linux

# apt update && apt --with-new-pkgs upgrade -y
Hit:1 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish InRelease
Get:2 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-updates InRelease [115 kB]
Get:3 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-backports InRelease [101 kB]
Hit:4 https://repo.jellyfin.org/ubuntu impish InRelease
Get:5 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-security InRelease [110 kB]
Get:6 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-updates/main arm64 Packages [308 kB]
Get:7 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-updates/main Translation-en [85.1 kB]
Get:8 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-updates/main arm64 c-n-f Metadata [5544 B]
Get:9 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-updates/universe arm64 Packages [166 kB]
Get:10 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-updates/universe arm64 c-n-f Metadata [4976 B]
Get:11 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-security/main arm64 Packages [249 kB]
Get:12 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-security/main Translation-en [67.5 kB]
Get:13 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-security/main arm64 c-n-f Metadata [4012 B]
Get:14 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-security/universe arm64 Packages [130 kB]
Get:15 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports impish-security/universe arm64 c-n-f Metadata [4168 B]
Fetched 1350 kB in 4s (358 kB/s)

I use a Raspberry and find that LibreOffice Calc uses a lot of resources, especially for larger spreadsheets.

Are there any alternatives to view (not modify) *.ods files?

I followed this Wiki -> Using the "unattended-upgrades" package

I expect the system automatically reboot after installing automatically patches.

But when I login I am greeted with this banner:

(..)
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.10 (GNU/Linux 5.8.0-1008-raspi aarch64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
(..)
17 updates can be installed immediately.
1 of these updates is a security update.
To see these additional updates run: apt list --upgradable


*** System restart required ***
(...)
ubuntu@rtorrent2:~$ uptime
 04:18:57 up 7 days, 15:10,  2 users,  load average: 0.13, 0.03, 0.01

Log

cat /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log
2020-12-01 02:26:06,826 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-01 02:26:06,830 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-01 02:26:06,831 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-01 02:26:06,832 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-01 06:39:17,799 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-01 06:39:17,801 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-01 06:39:17,802 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-01 06:39:17,803 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-01 06:39:20,755 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-02 03:27:00,266 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-02 03:27:00,269 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-02 03:27:00,270 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-02 03:27:00,270 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-02 06:49:47,708 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-02 06:49:47,712 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-02 06:49:47,713 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-02 06:49:47,714 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-02 06:49:51,118 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-03 02:32:09,520 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-03 02:32:09,523 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-03 02:32:09,524 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-03 02:32:09,524 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-03 06:35:44,823 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-03 06:35:44,825 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-03 06:35:44,826 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-03 06:35:44,827 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-03 06:35:51,895 INFO Packages that will be upgraded: linux-headers-raspi linux-image-raspi linux-raspi
2020-12-03 06:35:51,896 INFO Writing dpkg log to /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log
2020-12-03 06:38:08,440 INFO All upgrades installed
2020-12-04 06:44:15,513 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-04 06:44:15,516 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-04 06:44:15,517 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-04 06:44:15,518 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-04 06:44:18,626 INFO Removing unused kernel packages: linux-raspi-headers-5.8.0-1006 linux-image-5.8.0-1006-raspi linux-headers-5.8.0-1006-raspi linux-modules-5.8.0-1006-raspi
2020-12-04 06:44:53,869 INFO Packages that were successfully auto-removed: linux-headers-5.8.0-1006-raspi linux-image-5.8.0-1006-raspi linux-modules-5.8.0-1006-raspi linux-raspi-headers-5.8.0-1006
2020-12-04 06:44:53,870 INFO Packages that are kept back:
2020-12-04 06:44:54,917 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-04 12:26:04,697 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-04 12:26:04,700 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-04 12:26:04,701 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-04 12:26:04,702 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-05 02:38:36,521 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-05 02:38:36,524 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-05 02:38:36,525 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-05 02:38:36,525 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-05 06:47:45,169 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-05 06:47:45,171 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-05 06:47:45,172 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-05 06:47:45,173 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-05 06:47:48,248 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-06 05:00:24,926 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-06 05:00:24,928 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-06 05:00:24,929 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-06 05:00:24,929 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-06 06:33:13,102 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-06 06:33:13,104 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-06 06:33:13,105 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-06 06:33:13,106 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-06 06:33:16,106 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-07 06:49:46,969 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-07 06:49:46,973 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-07 06:49:46,974 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-07 06:49:46,975 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-07 06:49:50,125 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-07 13:22:36,656 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-07 13:22:36,659 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-07 13:22:36,660 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-07 13:22:36,661 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-08 06:08:13,084 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-08 06:08:13,087 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-08 06:08:13,088 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-08 06:08:13,089 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-08 06:08:16,439 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-08 07:15:27,829 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-08 07:15:27,831 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-08 07:15:27,832 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-08 07:15:27,833 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-09 01:23:38,900 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-09 01:23:38,903 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-09 01:23:38,904 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-09 01:23:38,905 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-09 06:19:13,102 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-09 06:19:13,105 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-09 06:19:13,106 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-09 06:19:13,107 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-09 06:19:20,774 INFO Packages that will be upgraded: libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libssl1.1 openssl
2020-12-09 06:19:20,775 INFO Writing dpkg log to /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log
2020-12-09 06:20:06,140 INFO All upgrades installed
2020-12-10 05:43:12,028 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-10 05:43:12,032 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-10 05:43:12,033 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-10 05:43:12,034 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-10 06:27:45,185 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-10 06:27:45,187 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-10 06:27:45,188 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-10 06:27:45,188 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-10 06:27:55,721 INFO Packages that will be upgraded: apt apt-utils curl libapt-pkg6.0 libcurl3-gnutls libcurl4 python-apt-common python3-apt
2020-12-10 06:27:55,722 INFO Writing dpkg log to /var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log
2020-12-10 06:30:25,973 INFO All upgrades installed
2020-12-11 06:26:14,755 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-11 06:26:14,760 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-11 06:26:14,760 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-11 06:26:14,761 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-11 06:26:18,418 INFO No packages found that can be upgraded unattended and no pending auto-removals
2020-12-11 13:18:31,683 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-11 13:18:31,686 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-11 13:18:31,687 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-11 13:18:31,687 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):
2020-12-12 00:28:40,105 INFO Starting unattended upgrades script
2020-12-12 00:28:40,108 INFO Allowed origins are: o=Ubuntu,a=groovy, o=Ubuntu,a=groovy-security, o=UbuntuESMApps,a=groovy-apps-security, o=UbuntuESM,a=groovy-infra-security
2020-12-12 00:28:40,109 INFO Initial blacklist:
2020-12-12 00:28:40,110 INFO Initial whitelist (not strict):

cat unattended-upgrades-shutdown.log*

2020-11-07 06:00:12,000 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-11-08 17:26:24,421 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-11-15 13:23:18,611 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-11-24 13:58:28,942 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-11-26 02:44:03,667 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-10-18 08:54:58,495 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-10-23 04:51:06,993 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-10-27 17:38:35,193 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-09-06 04:56:16,485 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-09-15 13:38:48,045 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-09-20 06:36:50,752 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-09-24 17:29:01,127 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-08-13 02:23:57,699 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-07-22 04:35:58,065 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-07-22 04:57:52,890 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-07-27 04:38:18,110 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-07-28 03:27:05,570 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running
2020-06-28 11:42:15,512 WARNING - SIGTERM or SIGHUP received, stopping unattended-upgrades only if it is running

cat /var/run/reboot-required

*** System restart required ***

After a snap has been installed with sudo snap install [package] how can I list all packages on my box which have a proprietary license? For deciding what is Open Source and what not I like Debian Free Software Guidelines.

For example spotify

Details for Spotify
License
    Proprietary

How to add all Gnome Desktop configuration settings in a Git Repo? Which files I need to put under revision control?

I configured in GUI "Settings" various things

examples

• Focus-follows-mouse
• Privacy options

When installing a new Ubuntu box, I wish to restore all my configurations from git.

I did:

sudo apt install gnome-shell-extension-show-ip
sudo apt install gnome-shell-extension-weather

I checked the GUI "Extensions" and "gnome-tweaks" and don't see them in this list. How to enable and configure them?

This is my partition layout on Raspberry Pi 4 (Ubuntu 20.04 LTS image)

root@jk4:/home/ubuntu# lsblk
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda           8:0    0  3.7T  0 disk
└─sda1        8:1    0  3.7T  0 part
mmcblk0     179:0    0 29.1G  0 disk
├─mmcblk0p1 179:1    0  256M  0 part /boot/firmware
└─mmcblk0p2 179:2    0 28.9G  0 part /

I wonder what /boot/firmware is? Is it Raspberry specific?

In Wikipedia I found only /boot, this is also what I learned from books many years ago.

root@jk4:/home/ubuntu# ls -al /boot/firmware
total 99020
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root     4096 Jan  1  1970 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root     4096 Jul  4 05:29 ..
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    26247 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2710-rpi-2-b.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    26247 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2710-rpi-2-b.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    27288 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    27288 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2710-rpi-3-b.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    27907 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    27907 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2710-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    26102 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    26102 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2710-rpi-cm3.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    46368 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2711-rpi-4-b.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    46368 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2711-rpi-4-b.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    19924 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2837-rpi-3-a-plus.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    19924 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2837-rpi-3-a-plus.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    20373 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    20373 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2837-rpi-3-b.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    20793 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2837-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    20793 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2837-rpi-3-b-plus.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    19700 Jul  4 05:29 bcm2837-rpi-cm3-io3.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    19700 Jul  4 05:28 bcm2837-rpi-cm3-io3.dtb.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    52304 Apr 23 15:12 bootcode.bin
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     2603 Jul  4 05:29 boot.scr
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     2603 Jul  4 05:28 boot.scr.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      141 Apr 23 15:12 cmdline.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     1117 Apr 23 15:12 config.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     3112 Apr 23 15:12 fixup4cd.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     6200 Apr 23 15:12 fixup4.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     9192 Apr 23 15:12 fixup4db.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     9192 Apr 23 15:12 fixup4x.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     2656 Apr 23 15:12 fixup_cd.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     6745 Apr 23 15:12 fixup.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     9817 Apr 23 15:12 fixup_db.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     9819 Apr 23 15:12 fixup_x.dat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 29527996 Jul  4 05:29 initrd.img
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 29528551 Jul  4 05:28 initrd.img.bak
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      240 Apr 23 15:12 meta-data
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      770 Apr 23 15:12 network-config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     1371 Jul  4 05:29 overlay_map.dtb
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     1371 Jul  4 05:28 overlay_map.dtb.bak
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    34816 Jul  4 05:29 overlays
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     1514 Apr 23 15:12 README
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   784316 Apr 23 15:12 start4cd.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4593508 Apr 23 15:12 start4db.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  2784800 Apr 23 15:12 start4.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3546468 Apr 23 15:12 start4x.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   690884 Apr 23 15:12 start_cd.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  4859912 Apr 23 15:12 start_db.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  2883204 Apr 23 15:12 start.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  3797384 Apr 23 15:12 start_x.elf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      327 Apr 23 15:12 syscfg.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   493528 Apr 23 15:12 uboot_rpi_3.bin
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   492824 Apr 23 15:12 uboot_rpi_4.bin
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root      200 Apr 23 15:12 usercfg.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     2114 Apr 23 15:12 user-data
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  8381742 Jul  4 05:29 vmlinuz
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  8381742 Jul  4 05:28 vmlinuz.bak

I recognize a few files like the Linux Kernel. The bcm* looks like Broadcom stuff. Please provide details about it.

I found with a search machine Safe to remove snap on Ubuntu Server?. In this posting his snap list output is empty. No installed packages.

At me the list not empty..

version, Raspberry Pi 4 hardware (64bit image):

cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04 LTS"

snap info

snap list
Name    Version    Rev    Tracking         Publisher   Notes
core    16-2.45.1  9441   latest/stable    canonical✓  core
core18  20200427   1753   latest/stable    canonical✓  base
lxd     4.2        15763  latest/stable/…  canonical✓  -

What is this? What are core, core18 and lxd? Is it needed?

Is it still safe to do those cleanup commands?

sudo apt purge snapd
sudo apt autoremove

Sometimes I accidentaly download VR (Virtual reality) videos. I can't view VR videos on my Linux box (even on macOS its not working).

How to identify VR videos (mediainfo or similar tool) and delete them in a folder like /torrents/complete?

Here example video meta data:

$ mediainfo example.mp4
General
Complete name                            : example.mp4
Format                                   : MPEG-4
Format profile                           : Base Media
Codec ID                                 : isom (isom/iso2/avc1/mp41)
File size                                : 83.1 MiB
Duration                                 : 9 min 40 s
Overall bit rate                         : 1 201 kb/s
Writing application                      : Lavf58.0.100

Video
ID                                       : 1
Format                                   : AVC
Format/Info                              : Advanced Video Codec
Format profile                           : [email protected]
Format settings                          : CABAC / 4 Ref Frames
Format settings, CABAC                   : Yes
Format settings, ReFrames                : 4 frames
Codec ID                                 : avc1
Codec ID/Info                            : Advanced Video Coding
Duration                                 : 9 min 40 s
Bit rate                                 : 1 067 kb/s
Width                                    : 1 440 pixels
Height                                   : 720 pixels
Display aspect ratio                     : 2.000
Frame rate mode                          : Constant
Frame rate                               : 25.000 FPS
Color space                              : YUV
Chroma subsampling                       : 4:2:0
Bit depth                                : 8 bits
Scan type                                : Progressive
Bits/(Pixel*Frame)                       : 0.041
Stream size                              : 73.8 MiB (89%)
Writing library                          : x264 core 152 r19 ba24899
Encoding settings                        : cabac=1 / ref=1 / deblock=1:0:0 / analyse=0x3:0x3 / me=dia / subme=1 / psy=1 / psy_rd=1.00:0.00 / mixed_ref=0 / me_range=16 / chroma_me=1 / trellis=0 / 8x8dct=1 / cqm=0 / deadzone=21,11 / fast_pskip=1 / chroma_qp_offset=0 / threads=12 / lookahead_threads=2 / sliced_threads=0 / nr=0 / decimate=1 / interlaced=0 / bluray_compat=0 / constrained_intra=0 / bframes=3 / b_pyramid=2 / b_adapt=1 / b_bias=0 / direct=1 / weightb=1 / open_gop=0 / weightp=1 / keyint=125 / keyint_min=12 / scenecut=0 / intra_refresh=0 / rc=crf / mbtree=0 / crf=26.0 / qcomp=0.60 / qpmin=0 / qpmax=69 / qpstep=4 / ip_ratio=1.40 / pb_ratio=1.30 / aq=1:1.00
Codec configuration box                  : avcC

Audio
ID                                       : 2
Format                                   : AAC LC
Format/Info                              : Advanced Audio Codec Low Complexity
Codec ID                                 : mp4a-40-2
Duration                                 : 9 min 40 s
Bit rate mode                            : Constant
Bit rate                                 : 128 kb/s
Channel(s)                               : 6 channels
Channel layout                           : C L R Ls Rs LFE
Sampling rate                            : 48.0 kHz
Frame rate                               : 46.875 FPS (1024 SPF)
Compression mode                         : Lossy
Stream size                              : 8.86 MiB (11%)
Default                                  : Yes
Alternate group                          : 1

Thanks:

I used

find . -type f -name '[^.]*.mp4' -exec bash -c 'ratio=$(ffprobe -loglevel error -select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=display_aspect_ratio -of csv=p=0 "$1"); if [[ "$ratio" == 2:1 ]]; then echo "$1"; fi' _ {} \;

It seems rtorrent created dot files.

I only go one false positive output:

mediainfo xxx.mp4
General
Complete name                            : xxx.mp4
Format                                   : MPEG-4
Format profile                           : Base Media
Codec ID                                 : isom (isom/iso2/avc1/mp41)
File size                                : 613 MiB
Duration                                 : 27 min 38 s
Overall bit rate mode                    : Variable
Overall bit rate                         : 3 099 kb/s
Encoded date                             : UTC 2013-06-12 05:00:00
Tagged date                              : UTC 2013-06-12 05:00:00
Writing application                      : Lavf53.6.0

Video
ID                                       : 1
Format                                   : AVC
Format/Info                              : Advanced Video Codec
Format profile                           : High@L3
Format settings                          : CABAC / 4 Ref Frames
Format settings, CABAC                   : Yes
Format settings, ReFrames                : 4 frames
Codec ID                                 : avc1
Codec ID/Info                            : Advanced Video Coding
Duration                                 : 27 min 38 s
Bit rate                                 : 3 000 kb/s
Width                                    : 640 pixels
Height                                   : 320 pixels
Display aspect ratio                     : 2.000
Frame rate mode                          : Constant
Frame rate                               : 24.000 FPS
Color space                              : YUV
Chroma subsampling                       : 4:2:0
Bit depth                                : 8 bits
Scan type                                : Progressive
Bits/(Pixel*Frame)                       : 0.610
Stream size                              : 590 MiB (96%)
Writing library                          : x264 core 116
Encoding settings                        : cabac=1 / ref=3 / deblock=1:0:0 / analyse=0x3:0x113 / me=hex / subme=7 / psy=1 / psy_rd=1.00:0.00 / mixed_ref=1 / me_range=16 / chroma_me=1 / trellis=1 / 8x8dct=1 / cqm=0 / deadzone=21,11 / fast_pskip=1 / chroma_qp_offset=-2 / threads=1 / sliced_threads=0 / nr=0 / decimate=1 / interlaced=0 / bluray_compat=0 / constrained_intra=0 / bframes=3 / b_pyramid=2 / b_adapt=1 / b_bias=0 / direct=1 / weightb=1 / open_gop=0 / weightp=2 / keyint=250 / keyint_min=24 / scenecut=40 / intra_refresh=0 / rc_lookahead=40 / rc=abr / mbtree=1 / bitrate=3000 / ratetol=1.0 / qcomp=0.60 / qpmin=0 / qpmax=69 / qpstep=4 / ip_ratio=1.40 / aq=1:1.00
Language                                 : English
Encoded date                             : UTC 2013-06-12 05:00:00
Tagged date                              : UTC 2013-06-12 05:00:00
Codec configuration box                  : avcC

Audio
ID                                       : 2
Format                                   : AAC LC
Format/Info                              : Advanced Audio Codec Low Complexity
Codec ID                                 : mp4a-40-2
Duration                                 : 27 min 38 s
Bit rate mode                            : Variable
Bit rate                                 : 107 kb/s
Maximum bit rate                         : 128 kb/s
Channel(s)                               : 2 channels
Channel layout                           : L R
Sampling rate                            : 44.1 kHz
Frame rate                               : 43.066 FPS (1024 SPF)
Compression mode                         : Lossy
Stream size                              : 21.1 MiB (3%)
Language                                 : English
Encoded date                             : UTC 2013-06-12 05:00:00
Tagged date                              : UTC 2013-06-12 05:00:00

In recent c't (sadly paywalled) there is an article about Snap and Flatpak.

This sounds very similar to Docker, lots of concepts are the same. Now my question what's the difference between Snap and Docker? Are those different use cases?

Wish to install Ubuntu 16.04 LTS on a MacBookAir6,2 (dual boot with macOS Sierra).

I created USB stick with Ubuntu image.

brew cask install unetbootin

I pressed at boot ALT key and entered "Install Ubuntu" and receive the error

error: premature end of file /casper/vmlinux.efi 
alloc magic is broken at 0x7a2d93c0: 7a179da0 
aborted. press any key to exit

When you google this error message there are no hits. I configured a firmware password on my MacBook Air. Because of security I don't wish to undo that.

I love the idea behind snap and played with it on a Ubuntu VM.

Snapcraft Overview

Snapcraft is a build and packaging tool which helps you package your software as a snap. It makes it easy to incorporate components from different sources and build technologies or solutions. Key concepts

A .snap package for the Ubuntu Core system contains all its dependencies. This has a couple of advantages over traditional deb or rpm based dependency handling, the most important being that a developer can always be assured that there are no regressions triggered by changes to the system underneath their app.

Snapcraft makes bundling these dependencies easy by allowing you to specify them as "parts" in the snapcraft.yaml file. Snappy

Snappy Ubuntu Core is a new rendition of Ubuntu with transactional updates - a minimal server image with the same libraries as today's Ubuntu, but applications are provided through a simpler mechanism.

Snappy apps and Ubuntu Core itself can be upgraded atomically and rolled back if needed. Apps are also strictly confined and sandboxed to safeguard your data and system.

IoT ›Build apps

On what technologies is snap based? How do the architecture and toolkits look? Does snap depend on Linux kernel features?

I ask, because I'm wondering whether in the future I'll be able to use the same snap packages also on macOS?

Clarification, after first comment:

I know that macOS and Ubuntu are not binary compatible. A recompile is needed. There is almost any Open Source available already for macOS with Homebrew. The developer could develop on macOS and deploy on Ubuntu when snap will be (in future) available for macOS.

I saw that tmux is available with snap find and apt-cache. I decided to install with snap. Howto use now tmux?

I am normal desktop user, not cloud computing.

# snap 
error: Please specify one command of: abort, ack, changes, connect, disconnect, find, install, interfaces, known, list, login, logout, refresh or remove
# snap install tmux
428.00 KB / 428.00 KB [============================================================================================] 100.00 % 452.28 KB/s 

# tmux new
The program 'tmux' is currently not installed. You can install it by typing:
apt install tmux

I use mediainfo at the moment.

It's too detailed

$ mediainfo vine.mp4 | wc -l
  66

I wish a command with only short summary. 6 lines of output.

Wish to search apt repositories with CLI tool. Did that in the past with:

apt-cache search <search_term>

Don't find apt-cache package:

# apt-get install apt-cache
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package apt-cache

Enabled all default repositories (multiverse).