I'm using a remote dedicated server running ubuntu server edition, and I have no idea what the upload/download speeds are.
Is there a reliable method to test these speeds via the command line? I know you can just download a file and look at the rate, but that depends on the speed of the hosting server and you don't get an upload speed =/
Check out iperf. Just start up iperf on your server and connect to it with iperf running on your workstation. It'll do bi-directional speed tests. If you want to test connectivity to other well-connected networks, there are some public iperf servers around. Just google and you'll find some.
I like to wget an Linux ISO from a known fast internet mirror.
It's a quick sanity check for your internet speed test.
You might want to try out "Tespeed": https://github.com/Janhouse/tespeed
I made it work with Speedtest.net testing servers, so it is kind of like it, only for terminal.
It uses nearest Speedtest.net server for testing (you can also specify it manually).
You can test download speed with a fast download mirror. For example you could take a look at CacheFly's website, they usually have a link to 10MB and 100MB test files and leveraging a CDN you'll make sure to use a good, "near" server.
I don't know what could be actually used to test upload speed.
If you have another server, and you know it's speed and it is "near" the one you want to test (low latency) you can just set up iperf or netperf or the like between the two.