Extend /var partition on Centos Stream 8

No. Actually, most of the space in the system is always used by /var where normally variable data lives — databases, Docker, logs, and so on, while Linux's /, rarely uses more than 10 GiB of space, when the system is properly managed.

Not only your LVM is suboptimal: I'd fit the whole Debian installation with some services into the space you wasted in your ESP and /boot. (I had a habit of creating VMs with 4GiB allocated for the system. More than enough.)

So well, the best solution would be to reduce your oversized root file system, but that couldn't be done online. You need to boot some rescue media, activate your VG and then reduce the file system and the logical volume and that could consume substantial time, considering the size of the partition. Also it is possible to mess things. If you're in hurry, you can make a twist: make some directory in root, move the Docker data into it and bind-mount it back into where Docker data live in var. You need to stop Docker and all containers for the time being. Something like this:

systemctl stop docker.service
mkdir /var-lib-docker
mv /var/lib/docker/* /var-lib-docker
mount --bind /var-lib-docker /var/lib/docker
systemctl start docker.service

That way, the Docker will use the space on the oversized root file system, while being available at the usual location. In the /etc/fstab you need to add the following entry, so this configuration will survive reboot:

/var-lib-docker /var/lib/docker none bind 0 0

But remember this is quite ugly hack which can buy you some time but also bring some problems, so look for the opportunity to reclaim space from the root and allocating it to /var properly.

And let this be the lesson: never allocate all avaliable space from the beginning. Leave some (most) of it unallocated. You can always easily add the space and do that online, while it is very hard, time consuming and error prone to reclaim it, and that requires downtime. It is best to manage the space so you never need to reclaim it.

As an alternative to this answer

Your system is using LVM logical volumes.

There may be some unused space left in the volume group that you can assign to extend var.

In case there isn't any unused space left, or too little, you can reduce or remove the swap LVM and take the space that gets freed up by that to extend /var.

That would leave your system intact and can typically even be done online.

The approach for that would be something along the lines of (commands untested, so don't copy them outright but the principle should be sound)

• Create a temporary or permanent swap file on your oversized root file system as replacement while you take the swap partition offline.

  • dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap-file count=65536 bs=1M
  • mkswap /swap-file
  • swapon /swap-file

• swapoff /dev/mapper/cs-swap to disable the swap partition

• lvreduce cs-swap followed by formatting the remaining LVM swap partition again with mkswap and re-activating the smaller swap space with swapon

• or delete it ouright with lvremove

Use the newly created free LVM space to extend the /var LVM volume and extend the file system system

lvextend -l +100%FREE --resizefs /dev/mapper/cs-var

Your df and lsblk don't tell us what their filesystems are. To shrink a volume (partition or LV), the filesystem on it must be shrunk first. A common choice for rootfs, ext4, can be shrunk offline. The default FS choice for CentOS (and RHEL-like distros), however, is XFS, and cannot be shrunk at present.

As others have pointed out in their answers, your rootfs usage 8.2 GB is not difficult to back up. So depending on your rootfs filesystem type, you have the following options:

If it's ext4, you can shrink it in-place:

• Reboot to another system, like an ArchISO, as ext4 can only be shrunk offline.

• Make sure lvs shows your partition, then e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/cs-root

• resize2fs -M -p /dev/mapper/cs-root

  • Alternatively, if you know your desired rootfs size, you can specify it instead of using -M:

    resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/cs-root 15G

    Note that it's a better idea to leave some space for shrinking the underlying volume.

• Reclaim space from the LV lvreduce -L 16G cs/root

• Resize the filesystem back to the volume size: resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/cs-root

• Now the free space can be handed out to /var: lvextend -l +100%FREE cs/var

If it's XFS, however, your best bet is to backup your rootfs and recreate it:

• Boot up an ArchISO like above.
• rsync -avHAXx /your-rootfs /somewhere (Make sure /somewhere is on another volume - it's easy to find 8.2 GB of spare space - your swap volume is very likely oversized)
• lvremove the root volume and recreate it with an appropriate size. I recommend formatting to ext4 this time.
• rsync -avHAXx /somewhere /your-rootfs to copy things back.
• Update your GRUB configuration if needed - AFAICT the LV ID is often written into grub.cfg as a hint, but I'm not familiar with CentOS (on Debian it'd be simply update-grub).
• Assign free space in the VG as above.

Other notes I'd like to point out:

• Your EFI system partition (ESP) is too large. For a typical Linux server, 256 MB should be more than enough (I use 128 MB on my Ubuntu server). It only needs to hold the GRUB binary and a very basic version of grub.cfg.
• /boot doesn't have to live on its own volume. GRUB can read LVM and your rootfs filesystem just fine.
• Depending on your server design, your /root is likely oversized as well (I use 16 GB for my Proxmox VE server - I'm not planning to put data on the host).
• Do you really need 64 GB of swap space? Normally I'm fine with just 8 GB.