I'm running your standard Domain set up - AD with DNS and a RDS server.
On the RDS server, I've mapped some drives to a local NAS using the DNS shortname...
\\folders\sharedfolder
\\folders is a static DNS entry on the AD server.
"Randomly" it starts throwing the error "Windows cannot access \\folders"
I can:
ping folders
nslookup folders (connects to local DNS server and returns the proper IP)
connect by ip address \\192.168.1.111\sharefolder
connect by FQDN \\folders.domain.com\sharedfolder
but I cannot use \\folders\sharedfolders again until I restart the RDS server.
net view \\folders = System error 53 has occured.
Thing is, I restarted the server Saturday afternoon for the problem and now it's Monday morning and right back to it!
It sounds like you might have a GPO or other automated process that is changing the DNS Search Suffix. By default, when you do an unqualified lookup, Windows will try to append a domain suffix to it and do a lookup. It sounds to me like something is changing that suffix at an automated interval.