I've tried some googling with mixed results. It looks like IMAP natively is not push but there is a "push-IMAP" draft? What does Exhcange Online use? Essentially I just want to know if using Exchange Online with Office 365 and outlook 2016 on a Windows desktop is a "push" or "pull" scenario. I'd like to know the default configuration and also if it supports push via configuration.
It's a pull configuration by default with the Outlook client, but Exchange support via it's API (EWS) to enable push notification, also subscription, but as Microsoft state, the push notification need a third party web service to handle it.
The current status explained;
If you are curious you can see more push exemple there, for what an application can subscribe too.
Someone mentioned “ MS has been moving its clients to the "streaming" system for about many years, with polling intervals set up in the client - about 1 minute is the smallest interval.”
https://forums.macrumors.com/threads/get-push-email-with-office365-account.1899307/