Back before Solaris SunOS had a cool feature called transparent file system. The basic concept allowed disk files systems to be stacked like transparencies on an overhead projector. And allowed the presenter to draw on the top transparency.
What is a modern equivalent of the transparent filesystem? I want/need to stack multiple drive filesystem.
This is deprecated feature. Unfortunately.
On Solaris I think you're out of luck, but Linux has overlayFS, AuFS and some others.
It's none on Solaris or its derivatives: "… The translucent file system (TFS) type has been withdrawn from the SunOS release 5.7 software …"
In despite in this quote it's referred as "file system" actually it seems used to be a service running in user-space.
You should be able to replicate most of the behavior of such "transparent" filesystems by creating ZFS clones and making appropriate changes to the clone(s).
See Overview of ZFS Clones:
Depending on the scope of the changes, there might be a substantial time needed to generate the new image.
Note also that changes to the original file system will not be reflected in the cloned filesystem(s), so that might be a problem for your needs. Or it might be a useful feature.
One use for such a system is using a base file system as, for example, the root file system image of a farm of diskless servers. Each server would use its clone of the base file system, and the base file system image can be updated without impacting running servers, and new clones created from the updated image that the servers can be rebooted to.