When I run the query "Show Engines" on this particular Linux host, it shows that the InnoDB storage engine is Disabled. Other storage engines (like MyISAM) are showing enabled.
What steps would I need to take to install/enable the InnoDB storage engine (even at a high level)? Would the procedures be different for different flavors of linux?
InnoDB can be enabled/disabled in your my.cnf (MySQL config), but, in order to use it MySQL has to have been compiled with InnoDB support.
Most likely it isn't disabled at compile time (as it normally isn't) but failed to start up. Check mysql's error log. Probably couldn't write the needed ibdata files..