I thought I've read somewhere that you can take a slice of RAM and turn it into a partition with a FS on it and everything. What is the relevant terminology and the tools to accomplish this?
I need this to seemlessly (from the POV of an application) optimize the access to some files.
That is true. There are several options for that, depending on your needs.
The two filesystems types to do that are
ramfs
andtmpfs
. See this page for information on their differences and how to use them.Beware though (if that is not obvious) that data are such partitions cannot be persistent. On reboot, all data is lost.