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Martin Hope
Sam
Asked: 2024-10-05 00:05:14 +0800 CST
  • 5

I have a ubuntu 20.04 server and a domain example.com I installed postfix and opendkim via apt.

In /etc/opendkim.conf I have

Socket local:/run/opendkim/opendkim.sock

The file exists.

$ ls -l /run/opendkim/opendkim.sock
ls: cannot access '/run/opendkim/opendkim.sock': Permission denied
$ sudo ls -l /run/opendkim/opendkim.sock
srwxrwx--- 1 opendkim opendkim 0 Oct  4 21:19 /run/opendkim/opendkim.sock

I added postfix to opendkim group.

$ groups postfix
postfix : postfix opendkim

I also tried reboot by sudo reboot.

When I do this

echo "This is the body of the email." | mail -s "Subject of the Email" [email protected]

But I got this error.

Oct 04 23:58:24 ubuntu postfix/cleanup[52998]: 
warning: connect to Milter service local:/run/opendkim/opendkim.sock: No such file or directory

I took a closer look

$ ps -p 52998 -o pid,comm,user,%cpu,%mem,stime,tty
    PID COMMAND         USER     %CPU %MEM STIME TT
  52998 cleanup         postfix   0.0  0.2 00:00 ?

The user is postfix and it should have access to the socket file, but the system journal says no.

email
Martin Hope
Sam
Asked: 2022-03-06 06:59:36 +0800 CST
  • 0

I bought a new VPS, installed Ubuntu server 20.04, nginx,php7.4-fpm,MariaDB via apt.
I scp uploaded my (working on my Ubuntu 20.04 laptop) PHP project. I could see the 'thank you for using nginx' page,both via ssh curl and through browser from my laptop, but when I tried to use dm.mydomain.tld, both returned noting. The request was logged in access.log
The ownership of /var/www/dm is root, same as /var/www/html. UFW disabled, no SELINUX.
The dm.conf is as follows:


server {
    listen 443 ssl; #http2 ;
    listen [::]:443 ssl; #http2;

    root /var/www/dm;
        ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/cloudflaresource.pem;
        ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/cloudflaresource.key;

    # Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
    index index.php; # index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;

    server_name dm.mydomain.tld;
        autoindex on;
    location / {
        # First attempt to serve request as file, then
        # as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
    }
}

curl output from ssh console:

root@VPS:~# curl -vk https://dm.mydomain.tld
*   Trying 127.0.0.1:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to dm.mydomain.tld (127.0.0.1) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
*  subject: O=CloudFlare, Inc.; OU=CloudFlare Origin CA; CN=CloudFlare Origin Certificate
*  start date: Mar  5 07:31:00 2022 GMT
*  expire date: Mar  1 07:31:00 2037 GMT
*  issuer: C=US; O=CloudFlare, Inc.; OU=CloudFlare Origin SSL Certificate Authority; L=San Francisco; ST=California
*  SSL certificate verify result: unable to get local issuer certificate (20), continuing anyway.
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x561a6f79e880)
> GET / HTTP/2
> Host: dm.mydomain.tld
> user-agent: curl/7.68.0
> accept: */*
> 
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* old SSL session ID is stale, removing
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 128)!
< HTTP/2 200 
< server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
< date: Sat, 05 Mar 2022 13:58:11 GMT
< content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< 
* Connection #0 to host dm.mydomain.tld left intact

you can see that the response is empty.

Additionally, this is the access.log entry.

127.0.0.1 - - [05/Mar/2022:15:44:13 +0100] "GET / HTTP/2.0" 200 0 "-" "curl/7.68.0"

UPDATE: I created an html file and curl it, it worked fine. But for a simple php helloworkd, it doesn't work.

ubuntu http nginx
Martin Hope
Sam
Asked: 2021-10-05 07:51:43 +0800 CST
  • 0

profreehost claims that a '?i=1' url GET param can protect their servers. I wondered how. I did use google before asking question, but all the results was about they are for security and how to remove them (if you have ssh access). I wanted to know the principles and maybe try to implement one for my own (on a vps) site. I guess the answer lies at the behavior of browsers.

http security scraping
Martin Hope
Sam
Asked: 2021-10-03 15:48:37 +0800 CST
  • 0

I had bought a domain example.com and a VPS, and I used iRedMail to set up a mailserver.

Not wanting iRedMail to mess up with my Nginx, I decided to install Nginx and Roundcube by myself. However, it says the SMTP server doesn't support auth. SMTP is all right.

[02-Oct-2021 23:40:16 +0000]: <5gl20r7b> PHP Error: SMTP server does not support authentication (POST /?_task=mail&_unlock=loading1633218016462&_framed=1&_action=send)
[02-Oct-2021 23:40:16 +0000]: <5gl20r7b> SMTP Error: Authentication failure:   in /var/www/mail/program/lib/Roundcube/rcube.php on line 1702 (POST /?_task=mail&_unlock=loading1633218016462&_framed=1&_action=send)

And postconf -n output.

root@mail:~# postconf -n
alias_database = hash:/etc/postfix/aliases
alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/aliases
allow_min_user = no
allow_percent_hack = no
biff = no
body_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/body_checks.pcre
command_directory = /usr/sbin
compatibility_level = 2
content_filter = smtp-amavis:[127.0.0.1]:10024
daemon_directory = /usr/lib/postfix/sbin
data_directory = /var/lib/postfix
debug_peer_level = 2
debugger_command = PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin ddd $daemon_directory/$process_name $process_id & sleep 5
disable_vrfy_command = yes
dovecot_destination_recipient_limit = 1
enable_long_queue_ids = yes
enable_original_recipient = no
header_checks = pcre:/etc/postfix/header_checks
inet_interfaces = all
inet_protocols = all
lmtp_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2 !SSLv3
lmtp_tls_protocols = !SSLv2 !SSLv3
mail_owner = postfix
mailq_path = /usr/bin/mailq
message_size_limit = 15728640
mlmmj_destination_recipient_limit = 1
mydestination = $myhostname, localhost, localhost.localdomain
mydomain = example.com
myhostname = example.com
mynetworks = 127.0.0.1 [::1]
myorigin = example.com
newaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliases
postscreen_access_list = permit_mynetworks cidr:/etc/postfix/postscreen_access.cidr
postscreen_blacklist_action = drop
postscreen_dnsbl_action = drop
postscreen_dnsbl_reply_map = texthash:/etc/postfix/postscreen_dnsbl_reply
postscreen_dnsbl_sites = zen.spamhaus.org=127.0.0.[2..11]*3 b.barracudacentral.org=127.0.0.2*2
postscreen_dnsbl_threshold = 2
postscreen_dnsbl_whitelist_threshold = -2
postscreen_greet_action = drop
proxy_read_maps = $canonical_maps $lmtp_generic_maps $local_recipient_maps $mydestination $mynetworks $recipient_bcc_maps $recipient_canonical_maps $relay_domains $relay_recipient_maps $relocated_maps $sender_bcc_maps $sender_canonical_maps $smtp_generic_maps $smtpd_sender_login_maps $transport_maps $virtual_alias_domains $virtual_alias_maps $virtual_mailbox_domains $virtual_mailbox_maps $smtpd_sender_restrictions $sender_dependent_relayhost_maps
queue_directory = /var/spool/postfix
recipient_bcc_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/recipient_bcc_maps_user.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/recipient_bcc_maps_domain.cf
recipient_delimiter = +
relay_domains = $mydestination proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/relay_domains.cf
sender_bcc_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/sender_bcc_maps_user.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/sender_bcc_maps_domain.cf
sender_dependent_relayhost_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/sender_dependent_relayhost_maps.cf
sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail
setgid_group = postdrop
show_user_unknown_table_name = no
smtp-amavis_destination_recipient_limit = 1
smtp_tls_CAfile = $smtpd_tls_CAfile
smtp_tls_CApath = /etc/ssl/certs
smtp_tls_loglevel = 1
smtp_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2 !SSLv3
smtp_tls_note_starttls_offer = yes
smtp_tls_protocols = !SSLv2 !SSLv3
smtp_tls_security_level = may
smtpd_command_filter = pcre:/etc/postfix/command_filter.pcre
smtpd_data_restrictions = reject_unauth_pipelining
smtpd_end_of_data_restrictions = check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:7777
smtpd_helo_required = yes
smtpd_helo_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated check_helo_access pcre:/etc/postfix/helo_access.pcre reject_non_fqdn_helo_hostname reject_unknown_helo_hostname
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = reject_non_fqdn_recipient reject_unlisted_recipient check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:7777 permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated reject_unauth_destination check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:12340
smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient = yes
smtpd_reject_unlisted_sender = yes
smtpd_sasl_path = private/dovecot-auth
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sender_login_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/sender_login_maps.cf
smtpd_sender_restrictions = reject_non_fqdn_sender reject_unlisted_sender permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated check_sender_access pcre:/etc/postfix/sender_access.pcre reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/iRedMail.crt
smtpd_tls_CApath = /etc/ssl/certs
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/iRedMail.crt
smtpd_tls_dh1024_param_file = /etc/ssl/dh2048_param.pem
smtpd_tls_dh512_param_file = /etc/ssl/dh512_param.pem
smtpd_tls_exclude_ciphers = aNULL, eNULL, EXPORT, DES, RC4, MD5, PSK, aECDH, EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA, EDH-RSA-DES-CDC3-SHA, KRB5-DE5, CBC3-SHA
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/iRedMail.key
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1
smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2 !SSLv3
smtpd_tls_protocols = !SSLv2 !SSLv3
smtpd_tls_security_level = may
swap_bangpath = no
tls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandom
transport_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/transport_maps_user.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/transport_maps_maillist.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/transport_maps_domain.cf
unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550
virtual_alias_domains =
virtual_alias_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_alias_maps.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/domain_alias_maps.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/catchall_maps.cf proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/domain_alias_catchall_maps.cf
virtual_gid_maps = static:2000
virtual_mailbox_base = /var/vmail
virtual_mailbox_domains = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_domains.cf
virtual_mailbox_maps = proxy:mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql/virtual_mailbox_maps.cf
virtual_minimum_uid = 2000
virtual_transport = dovecot
virtual_uid_maps = static:2000

EDIT: Following some questions, I enabled:

postconf | grep smtp_sasl_auth_enable
smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes

But using openssl s_client, I got:

503 5.5.1 Error: authentication not enabled

UPDATE:

After setting smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes I had a chance to input my password, but it says password is wrong. I am using a password manager so the password should be correct. Besides, I can use the credentials to login via imap.

535 5.7.8 Error: authentication failed: UGFzc3dvcmQ6

EDIT: On /var/log/maillog, I saw this fatal: specify a password table via the `smtp_sasl_password_maps' configuration parameter So I used postconf | grep smtp_sasl_password_maps smtp_sasl_password_maps = Maybe that's what's wrong. But it shouldn't be empty, as I used iredmail, so what should it be?

smtp postfix dovecot smtp-auth
Martin Hope
Sam
Asked: 2021-08-27 13:32:19 +0800 CST
  • 0

Say that I am creating a news site on example.com, and now I have example.com/latest.php, this is a script that does a lot of query, and I want to improve performance. How can I configure php/nginx, so that it generates cache and when a visitor comes, the cache is sent, so s/he won't wait too long.
PS: On example.com/donotcache.php, I don't want it to be cached (user counting script), how to do it? Questionlist:

  1. What modules do I need?
  2. What modifications to do on nginx config?
  3. What if I need to use CSP(Content Security Policy) nonce(Then every page is dynamic)?
php cache nginx
Martin Hope
Sam
Asked: 2021-08-14 01:04:27 +0800 CST
  • 0

I am trying to learn PHP, and I am setting up the database connection.
On Mysql Workbench, I created a database called php, and created a table. Then I created the account "sam"@"localhost",(I am using Ubuntu desktop, and sam is the output of whoami ) with auth_socket, Granted ALL on . , and when I press ctrl+alt+T and input mysql and press enter , I can successfully login.
Now I followed https://www.php.net/manual/en/mysqli.quickstart.connections.php , and tried using socket, I failed.

2021/08/13 16:54:35 [error] 1363#1363: *11 FastCGI sent in stderr: "PHP message: PHP Warning:  mysqli::__construct(): (HY000/1698): Access denied for user 'sam'@'localhost' in /var/www/php/my2.php on line 3PHP message: PHP Warning:  main(): Couldn't fetch mysqli in /var/www/php/my2.php on line 5" while reading response header from upstream, client: 127.0.0.1, server: _, request: "GET /my2.php HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock:", host: "localhost:803"

And here is my code. <?php

$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "sam", Null, "php");

echo $mysqli->host_info . "\n";

The output is nothing in a browser.

Then I tried this.

<html>
   <head>
      <title>Connecting MySQL Server</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <?php
         $dbhost = 'localhost';
         $dbuser = 'sam';
         //$dbpass = 'root@123';
         $mysqli = new mysqli($dbhost, $dbuser,NULL,NULL,NULL,"/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock");
         
         if($mysqli->connect_errno ) {
            printf("Connect failed: %s<br />", $mysqli->connect_error);
            exit();
         }
         printf('Connected successfully.<br />');
         $mysqli->close();
      ?>
   </body>
</html>

The output is Connect failed: Access denied for user 'sam'@'localhost'
With log

2021/08/13 16:59:17 [error] 1363#1363: *13 FastCGI sent in stderr: "PHP message: PHP Warning:  mysqli::__construct(): (HY000/1698): Access denied for user 'sam'@'localhost' in /var/www/php/mysqli.php on line 10" while reading response header from upstream, client: 127.0.0.1, server: _, request: "GET /mysqli.php HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock:", host: "localhost:803"

I don't have password for user sam on mysql.

MariaDB [mysql]> select user,password from user;
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+
| user      | password                                  |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+
| root      |                                           |
| someone   | *2470C0C06DEE42FD1618BB99005ADCA2EC9D1E19 |
| someone   | *9B8A3238012965AC630589D859535EA0B7C231A7 |
| someone   | *AF411B6C73B3AC3A2316A309A71758175CC14FEE |
| someone   | *D76A454D84260E84578F09915624F275F3D0E08B |
| sam       |                                           |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.001 sec)

I changed the actrual username to someone to protect privacy. You can see that sam have no password.

mysql php socket