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tripleee's questions

Martin Hope
tripleee
Asked: 2014-05-09 01:20:50 +0800 CST
  • 6

I was investigating a bunch of spam domains, and none of them have an SOA record. I have never seen this before -- I didn't even know it was possible.

How can DNS work without an SOA record? If it isn't strictly necessary, what are the implications of omitting it?

I don't particularly want to add links to spam sites but an example domain is "vance miller kitchens uk dot co dot uk".

domain-name-system
Martin Hope
tripleee
Asked: 2012-11-17 02:52:42 +0800 CST
  • 5

I'd like to understand what's going on here.

linvx$ ( ulimit -u 123; /bin/echo nst )
nst

linvx$ ( ulimit -u 122; /bin/echo nst )
-bash: fork: Resource temporarily unavailable
Terminated

linvx$ ( ulimit -u 123; /bin/echo one; /bin/echo two; /bin/echo three )
one
two
three

linvx$ ( ulimit -u 123; /bin/echo one & /bin/echo two & /bin/echo three )
-bash: fork: Resource temporarily unavailable
Terminated
one

I speculate that the first 122 processes are consumed by Bash itself, and that the remaining ulimit governs how many concurrent processes I am allowed to have. The documentation is not very clear on this. Am I missing something?

More importantly, for a real-world deployment, how can I know what sort of ulimit is realistic? It's a long-running daemon which spawns worker threads on demand, and reaps them when the load decreases. I've had it spin the server to its death a few times. The most important limit is probably memory, which I have now limited to 200M per process, but I'd like to figure out how I can enforce a limit on the number of children (the program does allow me to configure a maximum, but how do I know there are no bugs in that part of the code?)

Addendum: On a newer system, I get a higher number and slightly different behavior.

xubuntu12.04$ ( ulimit -u 206; /bin/echo nst )
nst

xubuntu12.04$ ( ulimit -u 205; /bin/echo nst )
bash: fork: retry: No child processes
bash: fork: retry: No child processes
bash: fork: retry: No child processes
bash: fork: retry: No child processes
bash: fork: Resource temporarily unavailable
Terminated

xubuntu12.04$ bash --version
GNU bash, version 4.2.24(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>

This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

The older system had Bash v3 I believe.

In dash, I get different behavior, albeit still not the behavior I expect (and the option is called -p instead of -u):

xubuntu12.04$ dash

$ ( ulimit -p 1; /bin/echo nst )
nst

$ ( ulimit -p 2; /bin/echo nst & /bin/echo too & )
dash: 0: Cannot fork

$ ( ulimit -p 208; /bin/echo nst & /bin/echo too & )
dash: 0: Cannot fork
nst

$ ( ulimit -p 209; /bin/echo nst & /bin/echo too & )
nst
too
linux